PEDRO DE CIEZA DE LEON. PARTE IV DE LA CRÓNICA DEL PERÚ. LIBRO II. THE WAR OF CHUPAS.
Педро де Сьеса де Леон. ЧАСТЬ ЧЕТВЕРТАЯ ХРОНИКИ ПЕРУ. КНИГА ВТОРАЯ. Чупасская война.
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
BY
PEDRO DE CIEZA DE LEON
[PART IV: BOOK II]
THE WAR OF CHUPAS
TRANSLATED AND EDITED, WITH NOTES AND
AN INTRODUCTION,
BY
SIR CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, K.C.B.
F.R.S., D.SC. (CAMBRIDGE AND LEEDS)
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY
MCMXVIII
CONTENTS
PACK
INTRODUCTION....... . xxv
CHAPTER I
How the Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro went to the pro
vince of Arequipa to found a city their, and to apportion
the Indians among the persons who were to remain there
as citizens ......... i
CHAPTER II
Now the GeneralLorenzo de Aldana determined to send people
to settle in Anzerma, a province which had been discovered
by the captain Belalcazar, and how he named forge Robledo
as captain of the settlement ...... 4
CHAPTER III
How his Majesty nominated Don Pascual de Andagoya to be
Governor and Adelantado of the river of San Juan, and
how Robledo set out to form the settlement in Anzerma . 7
CHAPTER IV
How the Licentiate Santa Cruz sent certain captains and
troops in pursuit of Vadillo, of the quarrels of these cap-
tains amongst themselves, and how they joined Robledo . 10
CHAPTER V
How the captain Jorge Robledo induced the Chiefs near the
new city to remain at peace, and how he sent Suer de Nava
to Caramanta . . . . . . . .12
CHAPTER VI
How the captain Jorge Robledo sent Gomez Hernandez to
explore the province of El Choco, and despatched Ray
Vanegas to the village of Pirsa . . . . .14
viii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER VII
PACK
How the captain Jorge Robledo distributed the Chiefs among
the citizens who were going to remain in the city of Santa
Ana, and how he set out to make discoveries on the other
side of the great river of Santa Marta . . . .18
CHAPTER VIII
How the captain Jorge Robledo arrived at the province of
Pozo, how he was badly wounded, of the merciless punish-
ment that was inflicted, and of the great quantity of human
flesh that was eaten there . . . . . .21
CHAPTER IX
How the Comendador Hernan Rodriguez de Sosa came to the
rock, of the great number of people he captured and killed,
and of the very great cruelty with which those natives were
treated ......... 24
CHAPTER X
How the captain Robledo discovered the province of Paucura,
how the ensign Suer de Nava returned to Pozo, and how
cruelties greater than before were inflicted; and how Robledo
set out from Paucura to explore the large and very rich
province of Arma . . . . . . 27
CHAPTER XI
flow the captain Robledo explored the province of Arma and
pitched his camp in the village of the principal Chief named
Maytama, and of some notable things that happened . 29
CHAPTER XII
How captain Osorio, wHile going to the New Kingdom, was
killed, with other Christians, and how the captain Pedro
de A Anasco was also killed by the Indians ... 34
CHAPTER XIII
How, when the death of those Spaniards was known at Popa-
yanr captain Juan de Ampudia set out from there, and
how he and other Christians where killed by the same
Indians ......... 38
CONTENTS
IX
CHAPTER XIV
PAGE
How the Adelantado Pascual de Andagoya entered the cities,
and was received in them as Governor .... 44
CHAPTER XV
How the captain Jorge Robledo discovered the province of
Quinbaya, and how he founded the city of Cartago . . 46
CHAPTER XVI
How the captain Jorge Robledo left the city of Cartago and
went to Cali, where he was well received, returning as
Captain and Lieutenant-General of the cities he had
founded ......... 48
CHAPTER XVII
Of the things that happened in the city of Lima and how the
Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro, on the advice of the
Bishop Friar Vicente de Valverde, made a general reparti-
miento; and of the departure of Gomez de Alvarado to
people Guanuco ........ 49
CHAPTER XVIII
How Gonzalo Pizarro, after he had been acknowledged as
Governor of Quito, determined to undertake the conquest of
El Dorado; and of his departure from Quito . . 54
CHAPTER XIX
How Gonzalo Pizarro left the city of Quito for the cinnamon
country, which was one of the most laborious explorations
that have been carried out in Tierra Firme and the
South Sea.........56
CHAPTER XX
How Gonzalo Pizarro left that river and went on exploring
through those forests and mountains, without finding any
populous country, and how all his party joined forces at
a crossing over a branch of the Mar Dulce . . .61
X
COXTEXTS
CHAPTER XXI
PAGE
How Francisco de Orellana went down the river and reached
the Ocean, and of the extreme hardships suffered by Gonzalo
Pizarro from hunger . . . . . . .66
CHAPTER XXII
How Gonzalo Pizarro and his people arrived at a place
where Indians had lived, but had abandoned it owing to
a 'war, and found a very great quantity of yuca with which
they restored themselves and saved their lives . . 71
CHAPTER XXIII
How his Majesty appointed captain Belalcazar as Governor,
and how he entered upon his government, and arrested the
Adelantado Andagoya . . . . . . -77
CHAPTER XXIV
How the Alcalde Diego Nunez de Mercado arrived in Spain
with the news of the death of the Adelantado, and how his
Majesty considered that he had been ill served thereby, and
sent out the Licentiate Vaca de Castro as Judge . . 79
CHAPTER XXV
Of the things that happened in Lima, and how Pero Alvarez
Lfolguin left Cuzco on an expedition of discovery . .
CHAPTER XXVI
Of the things that happened to the President Vaca de Castro
after he left the city of Panama to go to Peru . . 85
CHAPTER XXVII
J low the President Vaca de Castro found himself in great
trouble and danger from not knowing where the port of
Buenaventura was, and how, at the end of several days
during which they had been seeking for the port, they met
a ship on board of which was Don Juan de Andagoya,
who explained to them where the port was . 88
CONTEXTS
CHAPTER XXVIII
How the arrival of Vaca de Castro in the river of San Juan
became known at Lima, and how sore the men of Chile felt
about it; and of what else passed in Lima at that time .
CHAPTER XXIX
How the Chile faction plotted to assassinate the Marquis,
and how Francisco de Herencia, who was one of them,
betrayed it, at confession, and of the great heedlessness'
of the Marquis, also what else happened until the men of
Chile sallied forth to kill him . . . . .96
CHAPTER XXX
How the men of Chile sallied forth from the lodgings of Don
Diego de Almagro, of their putting the Marquis Don
Francisco Pizarro to death, and of the valorous spirit
shown by the Marquis before his death . . . .99
CHAPTER XXXI
In which the former chapter is concluded down to the time
when the Marquis was slain by the men of Chile . . 103
CHAPTER XXXII
Of what happened in Lima after the death of the Marquis
Don Francisco Pizarro. . . . . . . T 1 o
CHAPTER XXXIII
Of the things that were done by the Chile party, and how
they acknowledged Don Diego as Governor; also of the im-
prisonment of Antonio Picado, and how the Licentiate
Rodrigo Niño and Orihuela came from Spain . . 114
CHAPTER XXXIV
How Don Diego de Almagro, having tyrannically occupied
the city of Lima, sent messengers to some of the cities of the
Realm, requiring them to acknowledge him as Governor . 11 7
PAGE
90
xii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER XXXV
PAGE
How Garcia de Alvarado left Lima and landed at Santa,
captured Cabrera, and 'went on as far as San Miguel. Of
those he killed on the way, and how Alonso de Alvarado
hoisted his banner for the King.....119
CHAPTER XXXVI
How Don Diego de Almagro wrote to the captain Alonso de
Alvarado, not knowing that he had raised the banner, and
sent him a commission as lieutenant; and of the death
of Orihuela . . . . . . . 123
CHAPTER XXXVII
How Don Pedro Puertocarrero would not be a lieutenant
of Almagro's, but absented himself rather from the city of
Cuzco, with Gomez de Tordoya and divers others, and how
grieved some were on learning of the death of the Marquis 1 26
CHAPTER XXXVIII
How Gomez de Tordoya and the other citizens of Cuzco
agreed to send messengers to the captain Pero Alvarez
Holguin that, on hearing of the death of the Marquis, he
might raise the banner for the King . . . .130
CHAPTER XXXIX
How Pero Alvarez Holguin -was received as Captain-General
on the side against the Chile faction, and Gomez de Tordoya
was appointed Camp-master, and in what manner they
entered the city of Cuzco . . . . . .134
CHAPTER XL
How the Licentiate Vaca de Castro arrived at the port of
Buenaventura, and thence marched, suffering great hard-
ships by the way, to Call, where he found the Adelantado
Sebastian de Belalcazar, his Majesty's Governor; and of
what he did there . . . . . . . 13 7
CONTENTS
Xlll
CHAPTER XLI
PAGE
How the President Cristobal Vaca de Castro went from Call
to Popayan, where he heard of the death of the Marquis
from Lorenzo de Aldana, who came to meet him . .140
CHAPTER XLI I
How Don Diego de Almagro ordered the Secretary Antonio
Picado to be tortured, thinking he would divulge treasure
belonging to the Marquis, and how Picado met his deserts 142
;
CHAPTER XLIII
How the captains Francisco de Chaves and Francisco Nunez
were arrested, and how Chaves was put to death . . 147
CHAPTER XLIV
How when the death of the Marquis became known in the
town of Plata, the banner was raised for the King; and
the captain Pedro Anzures set out with other residents there
to join Pero Alvarez Holguin . . . . -151
CHAPTER XLV
Of the things that were done by the captain Alonso de Alvarado
after he had raised the banner for the King . . . 155
CHAPTER XLVI
How the President Cristobal Vaca de Castro quitted Popaydn
to go to the city of Quito . . . . . 157
CHAPTER XLVI I
How the Governor Vaca de Castro, on his way to Quito,
came to a place called Carangue, where he received letters
from Alonso de Alvarado, and learnt that Alvarado had
risen against Almagro, in the name of the King, which
gave him great pleasure. . . . . . .160
CHAPTER XLVIII
Of what else was done by the General Pero Alvarez Holguin,
and of his departure from Cuzco . . . .163
XIV
CONTEXTS
CHAPTER XLIX
PACK
How Don Diego de Almagro, on learning the news about
Pero Alvarez, left Lima, by the advice of his captains ; and
about the men he had raised, and his captains . . 166
CHAPTER L
How Pero Alvarez Holguin, after he had been accepted as
General and sworn, the last time near Parcos, continued
his march in the direction of Jauja, and how Caspar
Rodriguez de Camporredondo, while reconnoitring in ad-
vance, captured Don Diego's adherents in those parts . i 70
CHAPTER LI
How Don Diego de Almagro, with his General Garcia de
Alvarado pursued P}ero Alvarez Holguin, but turned bach
on coming near to Bombon: of the death of Juan de Her-
rada, and of how Pero Alvarez continued his march . 174
CHAPTER LII
How the captain Alonso de Alvarado, hearing the news about
lyero Alvarez, sent another messenger to Vaca de Castro,
urging him to come, with all speed, to where he was. . 1 7S
CHAPTER LIII
How that, Don Diego de Almagro and his forces being in the
province of Jauja, it was agreed that he and no other
should be General and Cristobal de Sotelo Camp-master;
and how they were for sending Garcia de Alvarado to
Lima, 'which 'was opposed by Sotelo . . . 1 So
CHAPTER LIV
How. after the Governor IVaca de Castro had sent messengers
to many parts, he resolved to leave Quito and go to join
forces with the captain Alonso de Alvarado . . .182
CHAPTER LV
Of the things that took place in the camp of Pero Alvarez
Holguin, and how the Camp-master Gomez de Tordoya
and the captain Garcilaso de la Vega left it, and went to
meet the Governor Vaca de Castro . . . . .18^
CONTENTS
xv
CHAPTER LVI
PAGE
How the Governor Vaca de Castro ordered the Adelantado
Belalcazar to return to his government, how he heard of
the arrival of Pero Alvarez at Guaraz, and how, being at
Motupe, Don Alonso de Montemayor and the captain
Vasco de Guevara joined him . . . . iSS
CHAPTER LVI I
How the captain Pedro de Vergara spoke to the Governor
Vaca de Castro, about providing some outfit for the soldiers
7vho had been campaigning with him, and how the Governor
arrived at the city of Truxillo . . . . . J93
CHAPTER LVI 11
How the Governor Vaca de Castro went up the mountain
road from Santa, leaving the coast valleys, and how he
met Gomez de Alvarado, and was annoyed on learning
that he came without permission from Alonso de Alvarado,
and how the Provincial, Prior To mas de San Martin,
also met him . . . . . . . 195
CHAPTER LIX
How the Governor, Vaca de Castro, held a review of the
Spaniards who were with him, and how he sent Lorenzo
de Aldana and Diego Maldonado to the camp of Pero
Alvarez Holguin . . . . . . . 199
CHAPTER LX
How it became known at Guaraz that Vaca de Castro was in
the camp of Alonso de Alvarado, and how the captain
Castro went there, also of the journey of Vaca de Castro
to Guaraz, and of how he took command of the troops
there, and what else happened . . . . .202
CHAPTER LXI
How the captain, Pero Alvarez Holguin, felt aggrieved because
the standard he had presented was not displayed, and a
disturbance almost arose out of it; and how Vaca de Castro
proclaimed afresh the powers he held from his Majesty and
asked that, by virtue of them, he should be acknowledged
as Governor. ....... 205
xvi
CONTENTS
CHAPTER LX11
PAG li
How, when Don Diego de Almagro arrived at Guamanga
Martin Carrillo, his Camp-master, killed Baltanas: and
of Almagro's departure from Guamanga for Cuzco, and
how he made provision of arms and cast some cannon . 207
CHAPTER LXIII
Of other things that happened in the city of Cuzco, of the
speech that Don Diego made to his companions, and what
Garcia de Alvarado did......211
CHAPTER LXIV
How the captains Garcia de Alvarado and Saucedo went to
ask Cristobal de Sotelo to pardon the soldiers he had in
prison, and what then passed; and of the things that
happened afterwards, until Garcia de Alvarado killed the
good cavalier Cristobal de Sotelo . . . . 215
CHAPTER LXV
Of the concern shown by Don Diego de Almagro and many of
the Chile faction at the death of the captain Cristobal de
Sotelo, and how Garcia de Alvarado, with many others,
fortified his house, and Don Diego wished to attack them . 220
CHAPTER LXVI
How Don Diego de Almagro gave over Sotelo's company to
Diego Mendez, and how Garcia de Alvarado was slain by
the hands of Don Diego, and Cristobal de Sotelo avenged 222
CHAPTER LXVII
In which the preceding chapter is concluded, down to the death
of Garcia de Alvarado . . . . . . .226
CHAPTER LXVIII
How the Governor Vaca de Castro resolved to send his army
to the province of Jauja while he himself went to Pima . 232
CHAPTER EXIX
Of the things that were done in Lima by Vaca de Castro, of
the arrival of the captains at Jauja, and of how Pedro
Anzures went to San Miguel . . . . -235
CONTENTS
CHAPTER LXX
PAGE
How Don Diego de Almagro, after the death of Garcia de
Alvarado, decided to prepare to depart from Cuzco, and
how he sent one Juan de Aguirre, and ten other mounted
men, to find out what was happening, and how they were
captured and put to death . . . . . .238
CHAPTER LXXI
How Don Diego de Almagro and his forces left the valley of
Xaquixaguana and marched to the bridge of Apurimac,
and how they thought of withdrawing into The Collao . 241
CHAPTER LXXII
How the Governor Vaca de Castro quitted the province of
Jauja, and proceeded to the city of Guamanga, where the
captain Diego de Rojas was already . . . .254
CHAPTER LXXI 11
How Idiaquez arrived at the camp of Vaca de Castro to treat
of peace, just at the time when the Governor wanted to
send messengers to Vilcas . . . . . .257
CHAPTER LXXIV
How Vaca de Castro, notwithstanding that he had entered
into negotiations, sent Alonso Camarilla to the camp of
Don Diego as a spy, with letters to several of his people,
and how he fell among scouts from Vilcas, was captured by
Juan Diente and, on confession, put to death . . .259
CHAPTER LXXY
How the messengers arrived at the camp at Vilcas, but the
proposals did not lead to peace, so that the settlement of
claims was left to arms . . . . . .262
CHAPTER LXXYI
How the messengers arrived at the camp of Vaca de Castro
and it was learnt that Don Diego had left Vilcas, how
Pedro Anzures went out to reconnoitre, and how the two
forces approached to give battle, each captain animating his
men, and exhorting them for the fray . . . .265
xviii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER LXXVII
pAGE
How the captains Castro and Pedro Anzures went out for in-
telligence, and how the armies approached to give battle,
each captain exhorting his men for the fray . . .270
CHAPTER LXXVIII
Of the cruel battle between Vaca de Castro and Diego de
Almagro, and how the men of Chile were defeated and
routed with much loss of life, and their party destroyed for
ever..........275
CHAPTER LXXIX
How, after the battle, the Governor ordered the wounded to be
tended, the captain Gomez de Tordoya being carried to
Guamanga; how punishment was meted out to the con-
quered, and how the captain Gomez de Alvarado, being
taken ill, died at Vilcas, and his body was brought to
Guamanga for interment . . . . . 284
CHAPTER LXXX
Of the things that were done by the Governor, Vaca de Castro,
and how he despatched certain captains on expeditions
within the Realm........287
CHAPTER LXXXI
Of the things that happened to Gonzalo Pizarro until he re-
turned from his expedition into the land of cinnamon and
once more reached the city of Quito .... 289
CHAPTER LXXXII
How Garcilaso de la Vega arrived at Cuzco, of the imprison-
ment of Don Diego, and how Vaca de Castro began his
march to that city . . . . . . . .292
CHAPTER LXXXIII
Of the things that were done in the city of Cuzco by the
Governor Vaca de Castro, and of his addiction to covetous-
ness and vain glory . . . . . . -295
CONTENTS
xix
CHAPTER LXXXIV
PAGE
How Don Diego de Almagro, when he was in prison, tried
to escape, and how he was beheaded by order of the
Governor Vaca de Castro . . . . . • -97
CHAPTER LXXXV
Of other things done by the Governor Vaca de Castro, and how
he nominated Diego de Rojas and Felipe Gutierrez as his
captains for the subjugation of the Rio de la Plata . . 303
CHAPTER LXXXVI
How the Governor Vaca de Castro parcelled out the land;
of the arrival of Gonzalo Pizarro at Lima, and how he
talked openly there about affairs ..... 306
CHAPTER LXXXVII
How they discovered extensive deposits of gold near the river of
Caravaya, how Vaca de Castro ordered all the ancient
tambos and stations to be occupied, and of the departure of
Pedro Anzures and Francisco Becerra for Spain 1 . . 30S
CHAPTER LXXXVIII
How the captain Gonzalo Pizarro arrived at the city of
Cuzco, accompanied by some followers, but had not aban-
doned his treasonable design of occupying the Realm; and
of what further happened......311
CHAPTER LXXXIX
How the leaders Felipe Gutierrez and Diego de Rojas set
out from Cuzco to proceed on their expedition . . .314
CHAPTER XC
How the General Felipe Gutierrez and the Camp-master
started forth from Cuzco, and how Diego de Rojas went
to explore in the direction indicated by the Indians . -317
CHAPTER XCI
Of what else happened to the captain Diego de Rojas . .320
1 These departures are not mentioned in the text of the chapter.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER XCII
pAGE
How Felipe Gutierrez came to join Diego de Rojas, of the
arrival of Francisco de Mendoza at Chiquana, and what
else happened........323
CHAPTER XCIII
How the natives of those provinces concealed the food supplies,
. and of the scarcity that was apprehended, and how Diego
dt Rojas sent messengers to Felipe Gutierrez .
CHAPTER XCIV
How, after the junction of the captains, they determined to
advance, and the party suffered greatly from thirst, so
that many of their serving men perished, and how they
went on exploring.......327
CHAPTER XCV
How the bachelor Juan Velez de Guevara came to Lima,
where the municipality would not accept him; and of
the departure of the accountant Juan de Caceres for
Panama . . . . . . . . -33°
CHAPTER XCVl
How the Indians who escaped from the hands of the Christians
took further counsel, and very boldly decided to go out
and fight them; and of the death of Diego de Rojas . 331
CHAPTER XCV11
Plow Pero Lopez de Ayala discovered the river of Soconcho,
found a well peopled country, and returned to the General
Felipe Gutierrez; and how they all set out for that place . 334
CHAPTER XCVIII
How the General Felipe Gutierrez pursued his exploration down
the river Soconcho, and of what else happened . . -335
CONTENTS
xxi
CHAPTER XCIX
PAGE
How, when the death of the Governor Don Francisco Pizarro
was known in Spain, it was ordered that there should be
a Viceroy appointed and an Audiencia installed; and of
the conference concerning the Ordinances that should be
enacted for the new empire of the Indies . . . -337
CHAPTER C
How, when the new Ordinances had been enacted they were
sent to most parts of the Indies; how in some localities
strong dissatisfaction was shown, while in others there
were no slight disturbances, and how, by order of the
municipality, the Alcalde Palomino and Don Antonio de
Rivera were sent prom Lima to give Vaca de Castro
warning thereof . . . . . . . .360
CHAPTER CI
Of what more passed between Felipe Gutierrez and Francisco
de Mendoza, and how, after having explored certain regions
down the river, Felipe Gutierrez was put under arrest
by Francisco de Mendoza ...... 363
CHAPTER CII
Of further things done by Francisco de Mendoza and how he
sent to arrest Nicolas de Heredia and turned Felipe
Gutierrez away . . . . . . . -365
CHAPTER CIII
How H.M. the Emperor, our Lord, ordered Blasco Nunez Vela
to go out as Viceroy of the Realms of Peru, in order to
enforce there the New Laws that had been enacted for the
government of the empire of the Indies . . . .368
CHAPTER CIV
How the Alcalde Alonso Palomino and Don Antonio de
Rivera arrived at the city of Cuzco, and what took place 371
INDEX..........377
LIST OF PLATES AND MAPS
PLATES
TO FACE
['AGE
PLAN OF A PART OF THE CITY OF LIMA . . .104
PLAN OF THE MARQUIS PIZARRO'S HOUSE . . . .106
MAPS
THE COUNTRY AROUND GUAMANGA ... 274
SITE OF THE BATTLE OF CHUPAS . 274
CORRIGENDA
Page 49, line 13, for "Alvarado " read " Alvaro."
Page 51, line 9, for " Garcia " read " Gomez."
Page 52, line 10 from bottom, omit " de " before " Balsa."
Page 79, line 6 from bottom, insert "he" after "Thence."
Page 108, last line, for " Bihar" read " Bilbao."
Page in, line 4 from bottom, for "Gomez" read "Lopez."
Page 149, line 18, for "Francesco" read " Francisco."
Page 260, line 7 from bottom,^/' "emergency" read "exi-
gency."
Page 280, lines 2 and 3, transpose "Guevara" and " Vergara."
Page 293, line 9, insert Salazar, at the beginning.
xxiii
NOTE
HE late Sir Clements Markham translated Cieza de
1 Leon's " Guerra de Chupas," and wrote the Introduc-
tion to the present volume, at the advanced age of eighty-
five years. His manuscript was accepted by the Council of
the Hakluyt Society in November, 1915; but, though the
printing was already in a forward state at the time of
Sir Clement's lamented death, none of the proofs were
available for submission to him. In these circumstances
the Council invited us to undertake the necessary revision
—a responsibility which we accepted in the light of a
privilege, and have discharged, to the best of our ability, as
a tribute to the memory of the late venerable President of
the Society, who honoured each of us by many years of
personal friendship.
ALFRED P. MAUDSLAV.
B. GLANVILL CORNEY.
LONDON,
January, 1918.
INTRODUCTION
PEDRO DE CIEZA DE LEON was, on the
whole, the most important historian, and is now
the best authority, on ancient Peru, so far as his work
has reached us; for he was a great traveller, and an
eye-witness of much that he described. For all the
events at which he was not present he received
evidence from many actors in them. Me was an intel-
ligent observer, humane and conscientious, striving
after impartiality; and though an enthusiastic admirer
of the valour and endurance of his countrymen, he
was horrified at their acts of cruelty, which he
denounces in no measured terms.
Unfortunately only one part of his great worl was
published near the time; other parts long lost have
been found and published in recent years, and some
yet remain to be discovered. I, the first part,
published in 1553, was the " Cronica." which is
mainly geographical. II, the second part, was the
History and Religion of the Incas; III, the Con-
quest of Peru; IV, V, VI, and VII, the Civil Wars,
viz.— 1 War of Las Salinas, 2 War of Chupas,
3 War of Quito, and 4 War of Huarina and Sacsa-
huana. Ill and VII are still lost to us. Cieza de
Leon also wrote a book entitled " Libro de Funda-
XXV
xxvi
INTRODUCTION
ciones," to which he frequently refers the reader for
fuller details respecting habits and customs of In-
dian tribes and other particulars. That work is also
lost.
The Council of the Hakluyt Society selected the
first part of the " Cronica " of Cieza de Leon to
form a volume of its series in 1864, and the transla-
tion and editing were entrusted to me. It is a
valuable contribution to the geography of the Cauca
valley in Colombia, and of Peru; while the author's
account of the coast almost amounts to a book of
sailing directions. In 1880, II, the history of the
Incas, was brought to light, and texts were printed
by .the late Dr. Gonzalez Rosa in 1873, an(^ a^so by
Jimenez de la Espada in 1880. This exceedingly
valuable account of Inca civilization was known to
Mr. Prescott, and he frequently quotes from it; but
he was not aware of Cieza de Leon being the author.1
This part was chosen by the Council to be in-
cluded in the Hakluyt Society's series in 1883,
and I again undertook the work of translation and
editing.
Quite recently three of the volumes on the Civil
Wars of Peru by Cieza de Leon have been discovered
in manuscript, and published at Madrid. " The War
of Quito," covering the period from the arrival of
the Viceroy Blasco Niiñez Vela to his death at
1 The manuscript in Mr. Prescott's hands appears to have had
on the cover the name of Dr. Sarmiento, President of the Council
of the Indies, to whom it was addressed. Mr. Prescott supposed
that he was the author, and always quotes the manuscript as by
Sarmiento.
INTRODUCTION
xxvii
Anaquito, was translated and edited by me, forming
one of the Hakluyt Society's volumes for 1912. I
have also translated and edited the " War of Las
Salinas," giving a detailed account of the dispute
between Pizarro and Almagro, which ended with the
battle of Las Salinas and the execution of Almagro
by Hernando Pizarro.
The present volume, by Cieza de Leon, is entitled
" THE WAR OF CHUPAS," and contains a detailed
narrative of events from the battle of Las Salinas
to the final overthrow of the Almagro faction at the
battle of Chupas, including the murder of Pizarro,
the arrival of Vaca de Castro as governor, the camp-
aign against Almagro the younger, the promulgation
of the New Laws, and the appoinment of Blasco
Niiñez Vela as viceroy to enforce them.
These Civil War volumes contain a oreat deal
that is of geographical interest, especially in the
detailed accounts of expeditions of discovery into
the forests to the east of the Andes, which to this
day are not fully explored. Cieza de Leon gives
connected narratives of the expedition of Pedro de
Candia into the moutaua of Paucartambo, of that
of Pedro Anzures de Camporredondo who entered
by Marcapata and returned by one of the Caravaya
ravines, of Diego de Rojas into the Gran Chaco, of
Alvarado and Mercadillo in the valleys of the
Marañon and the Huallaga, and of Gonzalo Pizarro
into the " land of cinnamon." I translated and edited
for the Hakluyt Society in 1S5S the account of this
last expedition in the Royal Commentaries of Gar-
xxviii
INTRODUCTION
cilaso Inca de la Vega. The independent account
by Cieza de Leon contains many details obtained by
him at Quito from members of the expedition very
soon after the event, and is therefore of special in-
terest.
The present volume opens with an account of the
extensive journey from Cuzco to the Collao made by
Francisco Pizarro, who had been created a Marquis
for his great services, and treats of his visit to
Arequipa when he founded- that city. He had
founded Guamanga previous to this journey. He
returned, prematurely old and broken with disease,
to welcome rest in his house at Lima, or Los Reyes,
as the city was then called, devoting himself mainly
to business connected with the grants of estates to
his followers and with the improvement of the city
he had founded, interesting himself in the introduc-
tion and cultivation of new plants, the erection of
mills, and the supply of provisions.
Cieza de Leon then, in the next fifteen chapters,
makes a digression which must be acknowledged as
such, for these chapters have nothing to do with the
war of Chupas. They contain a narrative of dis-
coveries and conquests in the region of the Upper
Cauca, with Popaydn and Cali as bases of operations,
chiefly conducted by a leader named Jorge Rob-
ledo. They are to a certain extent connected with
the history of Peru, because Pizarro nominated the
governors who despatched the expeditions. The
real cause of the digression was that Cieza de Leon
was serving in these expeditions himself. He was
INTRODUCTION
XXIX
an eye-witness of the events he describes in detail.
This gives them a very special interest, and may well
be accepted as a sufficient excuse for the digression.
The story of the famous expedition of Gonzalo
Pizarro follows, and our author then enters upon
the events at Lima which led up to the murder of
the Marquis Pizarro.1
In the question between Pizarro and Almagro our
author strove hard to be impartial, as well as in his
account of the murder of the Marquis; but his bias
on the side of Almagro is apparent. In the case of
Pizarro he tells the authentic storv, but he adds any
lying gossip that reaches his ears. In the case of
Almagro he never does.
I should be the last to defend Pizarro as the de-
stroyer of the Inca empire. As such I execrate his
memory. He had no right to execute Atahualpa,
although that ruthless usurper and fratricide richly
deserved his fate. Pizarro was guilty of several acts
of cruelty, his worst crime being the order to put
Manco's wife to a cruel death when he was enraged
at receiving defiance from the Inca; but I feel that
•in affairs connected with his countrymen his memory
should receive even justice, and that he has been
misjudged.
1 Pizarro had cncomiendas in places called Atabillos and Huay-
las, and it has been said that he was Marquis of Atabillos, but
this is a mistake. An elaborate coat of arms was granted to him,
but no territorial title was ever attached to his Marquisate during
his lifetime. He was simply the Marquis Pizarro. His great
grandson was created Marquis de la Conquista. See also my note
on page xxxviii.
xxx INTRODUCTION
Pizarro was no longer the ruthless soldier of the
days of Pedrarias. With great responsibilities and
a great position he rose to the occasion. His pro-
ceedings were statesmanlike; his efforts to govern
wisely the country entrusted to him were able and
judicious. In the question which arose when the
Spanish king resolved to divide the vast conquered
area between Almagro and himself, he was in the
right throughout. Almagro, with a number of cap-
tains anxious for opportunities to enrich themselves,
had set out on an expedition to Chile. Before start-
ing Almagro took a solemn oath on the Sacrament
that he would maintain his friendship for Pizarro and
never injure him or his interests. Meanwhile there
was a great native rising. Pizarro himself was
besieged in Lima, while his three brothers held
Cuzco against a great army led by the Inca Manco.
Pizarro received aid from Mexico and Santo Do-
mingo. The sieg-e of Lima was raised, and Pizarro
sent a force under Alonso de Alvarado to help his
brothers at Cuzco, of whom he had received no
news.
It was at this time that the royal order arrived for
the division. The northern part of the conquered
empire was to be called New Castille, and to be
governed by Pizarro. The southern half, to be called
New Toledo, was to be Almagro's government. The
boundary between them was to be fixed by a royal
arbitrator, not of course by one of the parties con-
cerned. The rules for the guidance of the arbitrator
were clear and precise. A certain position on the
INTRODUCTION
coast north of the equator was to be fixed by observa-
tions for the latitude. A direct line was then to be
taken on a meridian due south for a given number
of leagues; at the end of that line there were to be
other latitude observations, and from the point thus
fixed the line west to east was to be the boundary.
Mr. Prescott says that there was ambiguity in the
document, that it was not clearwhether the line was to
be along the coast or on a meridian, and he appears
to think there were, therefore, excuses for Almagro's
conduct; but there was no ambiguity. The instruc-
tions were quite clear, and it is distinctly stated that
the line was to be on a meridian.1 Mr. Prescott could
not have seen the original document, which is given
in full by Cieza de Leon. Besides, this begs the
question. The point is that the boundary was to be
decided by a special arbitrator, not by Almagro.
A copy was at once sent to Almagro, who was then
returning from Chile, his captains being much dis-
appointed with the region they had visited in the
northern part of that country. They thought that
the provinces of Cuzco would offer much better
chances of enriching themselves, so they at once de-
clared, and induced Almagro to declare, that Cuzco
was within the boundary of New Toledo. No posi-
tions had been fixed, no line measured, no observa-
1 In my note to the " Life and Arts of Don Alonso Curiguez de
Guzman " I was misled, by Mr. Prescott's statement that it was
not specified how the line was to be measured, into an error. It
was clearly specified that the line was to be measured on a
meridian and not along the coast.
xxxii
INTRODUCTION
tions taken; but Almagro and his needy followers
wanted Cuzco—therefore it was in New Toledo.
They even claimed Lima also. The point is not what
Almagro thought; for the decision was not entrusted
to him, but to the royal arbitrator. In point of fact,
Cuzco was well within the boundary of Pizarro's pro-
vince of NewCastille. Long afterwards the Governor
Yaca de Castro caused careful observations to be
taken, and Cuzco was found to be fifteen leagues
north of the boundary.1
Hernando Pizarro and his brother Gonzalo, having
lost their brother Juan in the siege, were resting after
a long, toilsome, and hazardous defence of Cuzco.
Hernando was in a perfectly legal position as the
Marquis Pizarro's deputy at Cuzco until the bound-
ary should be settled by the arbitrator.
Suddenly the army of Almagro appeared before
the city of Cuzco, claiming it as part of the province
of New Toledo. Hernando Pizarro, terribly out-
numbered, prepared to defend it. A truce was agreed
upon, and Hernando for the first time for man}7 days
took off his armour and went to bed. His brother
Gonzalo and a handful of attendants were in the
house with him.
Almagro perjured himself, broke into Cuzco in
the dead of night, and attacked the Pizarros in their
1 This was done owing to the representations of royal officials
who had been appointed to the province of New Toledo. After
the time of Vaca de Castro, there was no more heard of New
Toledo. The Viceroys were appointed to govern the whole of
Peru.
INTRODUCTION
xxxiii
house.1 They made a heroic defence, which is well
described by Cieza de Leon.2 Finally they were
seized and thrown into prison; while Orgoñez, Al-
magro's chief captain, incessantly urged him to
behead them. By this time Alvarado was nearing
Cuzco with succour for Hernando Pizarro. Almagro
attacked and routed him, throwing him into prison,
and threatening him with death.
It can hardly be contended that Almagro was
not guilty of perjury, and of numerous acts of ille-
gality, tyranny, and treason.
The Marquis Pizarro was very anxious to receive
tidings from Cuzco, for he had heard nothing even
of the results of the siege. He had gone southward
along the coast to Nasca. There he received the
astounding news that Almagro had seized Cuzco
and imprisoned his brothers. The report of the de-
feat and imprisonment of Alvarado quickly followed.
The Governor hurried back to Lima, expecting an
attack from his false and perjured friend. It was
not long in coming. Almagro marched down to the
coast and advanced as far as Chincha, on the way
to Lima. He was induced to agree to an arbitration
to establish a modus Vivendi until the royal arbitrator
should arrive and fix the boundary line. The Pro-
vincial of the Fathers of Mercy (Jlfe?rcda7Jos) named
1 A lame excuse was invented afterwards that Hernando
Pizarro, during the truce, had broken down the bridges over the
Huatanay, the river that flows through Cuzco.. This was false.
He had broken down one bridge, for military reasons, before the
truce.
- In his " War of Las Salinas."
xxxiv INTRODUCTION
Bobadilla, was selected by Almagro himself. There
could only be one fair decision. It was that Almagro
should retire from Cuzco until the boundary was
fixed by the royal arbitrator, that the starting point
for measuring the meridional line should have its
latitude fixed by careful observations, and that the
illegal imprisonment of Hernando Pizarro should
cease. Almagro refused to abide by this arbitration,
although he had solemnly promised to do so and
the choice of an arbitrator was his own. Soon after-
wards Captain Pedro Anzures brought out a royal
order to the same effect, that both Governors should
remain well within their respective provinces, until the
boundary was fixed. Almagro again refused to obey.
The Marquis Pizarro was in great anxiety for the
safety of his brother Hernando. He knew him to
be in danger, as Orgonez was incessantly urging
Almagro to put him to death. At this time the
Marquis,'in his well-founded anxiety for his brother's
safety, was certainly guilty of making some con-
cessions, verbally, which he had no intention of
observing.
Almagro was very efficient in his prime, as
Pizarro's partner and assistant, but he was now
bowed down by age, as well as by infirmities the
seeds of which he had contracted during a dissolute
youth. His good qualities, which endeared him to
his captains, were lavish generosity and a kindly dis-
position. He had become very ambitious, and it is
clear that he was quite unprincipled. His own in-
dependent judgment scarcely existed, and he was
INTRODUCTION
swayed one way or the other, as the more violent or
the more moderate of his captains had his ear. For
instance, following the advice of Orgoñez, he had
actually ordered the execution of Alvarado when
the more moderate counsels of another captain pre-
vented it.
The weak character of Almagro explains the
liberation of Hernando Pizarro, urged upon him by
the moderate party among his captains. It was cer-
tainly unwise if Almagro intended to persevere in
his treasonable practices; and Orgoñez was most
strongly opposed to it. Hernando Pizarro had been
kept in close and illegal confinement for months, and
he knew that the most influential of Almagro's cap-
tains was constantly urging that he should be be-
headed. It was enough to try any one's nerves.
But Hernando Pizarro's nerves were of iron. The
moment he was released negotiations ceased. The
Marquis, owing to advancing age and infirmities,
returned to Lima, while his brother Hernando took
command of the army in the field. He was by far
the ablest soldier then in Peru. Almagro, suffering
from a dreadful disease, retreated with his forces to
Cuzco, intending to hold that city in defiance of all
decisions against him. Such was the resolve come
to by his captains.
Hernando Pizarro was certainly in the right when
he marched to Cuzco to resume the position ot
deputy for his brother in that city, from which he
had been unlawfully and treacherously ejected. He
entirely defeated the Almagro faction in the battle
XXXVI
INTRODUCTION
of Las Salinas, and returned to his post at Cuzco,
making Almagro his prisoner, and keeping the old
man's captains under a loose arrest.
Hernando Pizarro was a stern, resolute man, in-
exorable when once his mind was made up, but not
cruel. He always disapproved of the ill treatment of
the natives, and took measures to prevent it. At first
he had no other intention with regard to old Almagro
than to leave his case to be decided by his brother
on his arrival at Cuzco. But there was a conspiracy
among the officers who had served in the expedition
of Pedro de Candia, and the troops under their
command, to kill Hernando Pizarro and liberate
Almagro. They were outside Cuzco and needed
help from within If they had written to one of the
more turbulent Almagrist captains, the plot would
probably have succeeded. But they chose Diego de
Alvarado, a strictly conscientious person who told
everything to Hernando Pizarro. That vigilant
deputy at once went to the camp of Pedro de
Candia and nipped the plot in the bud.
But he came to the conclusion that there could
be no permanent peace while Almagro lived. When
he had made up his mind nothing would move him.
He looked upon it as a political necessity. He re-
solved to take the whole responsibility upon himself.
The charges were drawn up in detail, and when the
old man begged for his life Hernando urged him,
as it was inevitable, to end his life as became one
who had served as he had done. Hernando Pizarro
certainly did not communicate with his brother on
INTRODUCTION
the subject, because, though convinced of the poli-
tical necessity himself, he knew that the Marquis
would not consent. He took the whole responsibility,
which was quite in character with all we know of
this remarkable man. He returned to Spain soon
afterwards with the royal fifths, but several members
of Almagro's party had arrived before him. Articles
were drawn up against him, and he never received
a fair hearing. Charles V could not possibly attend
personally to the affairs of all his vast dominions.
Much was necessarily left to others. In Spain a
clever intriguer had gained his confidence. This
was the Secretary, Francisco de los Cobos, who
had much power during the Emperor's absence,
and he often used it corruptly and to please his
friends, especially the females of his own family.
There was a flagrant instance in the supersession of
the illustrious discoverer of New Granada, for the
sake of such an infamous thief as Alonso de Lugo,
because he had married a sister of the wife of Cobos.
The persecution of Hernando Pizarro was a parallel
case. Don Alonso Enn'quez de Guzman, a violent
partisan of Almagro, had hurried back to Spain, so
as to spread his version, and do all the mischief he
could before the arrival of Hernando Pizarro. He
was an old friend of the Secretary Cobos, and when
Hernando Pizarro arrived it was a foregone con-
clusion against him. Charges had been drawn up,
the chief one being that he had given the young
Inca Manco leave of absence, ignorant of the native
plot for an insurrection. At the worst this was an
INTRODUCTION
error in judgment which might well have been con-
doned after Hernando's brilliant defence of Cuzco.
The main points were slurred over, for the answers
to them would have been conclusive. Hernando
Pizarro was unjustly condemned to imprisonment,
first at Madrid, then in the castle of Medina del
Campo.1
As soon as the Marquis received tidings of the
victor}- of Las Salinas, he resolved to leave Lima
and make the journey to Cuzco, accompanied by
the Bishop of"Quito and other friends. At Jauja he
met vouno- Diego de Almagro, who had been sent to
Lima in charge of Gomez de Alvarado, one of his
father's captains. Pizarro received him very kindly,
promised him that his father's life should be spared,
and ordered that the lad himself should be hos-
pitably lodged in the Marquis's own house at Lima.
Continuing the journey, it was not until they reached
Abancay, three marches from Cuzco, that Pizarro
received news of the death of Almagro. He sat
apart for a long time, looking on the ground, and
thinking of bvgone days with his old friend.
Hernando Pizarro was in prison in the castle of Medina del
Campo for twenty-three years, a terrible fate for so active minded
a man. His detention, however, was not close or severe. When
the daughter of the Marquis Pizarro, by an Inca Princess, arrived
in Spain under the care of her step-father Francisco de Ampuero,
she was married to her uncle Hernando in prison. At length the
old warrior was released, having outlived all his enemies. He
went to Truxillo, where he had property, and lived there to a great
age. Hernando Pizarro had children, and the marquisate was
revived for his grandson, with the additional title " dc la Con-
Almagro, left Peru as quickly as possible after his friend
was beheaded, and embarked in a ship for Tierra Firme.
Thence travelled and sailed until he reached the Court of
his Majesty with the news of the battle of Las Salinas and
the death of Almagro, and all the other events that had
happened in Peru. His knowledge was complete, for he was
a third party in all the negotiations and agreements be-
tween the two Governors. When the Emperor heard of
CHAPTER XXIV
So
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
the death of Almagro he was much grieved, and held that
what had taken place in Peru was detrimental to his
service. His Majesty was angry that such a loyal servant
and vassal should have been put to death with such cruelty,
and ordered the members of his Council to see justice
done in the case. Soon afterwards Diego de Alvarado, and
also Diego Gutierrez de los Rios, arrived in Spain. They
too related the execution of Almagro, and prayed for
justice.
Then Don Alonso Enn'quez arrived in Spain with
others, who told the story differently; so that the Council
of the Indies, in order to get at the truth, nominated the
licentiate Cristobal Vaca de Castro as Judge of Com-
mission, to go out and collect evidence. Some say that
Hernando Pizarro obtained this appointment, through the
Cardinal Loaysa, that he might have charge of the affairs
of the Marquis Pizarro, because he would show himseli
favourable in that interest. However that may have been,
this licentiate was ordered to proceed to Peru to investigate
what we have said, and if perchance the Marquis Don
Francisco Pizarro should die before the Judge's arrival or
while he was there, he was to assume the government in
the place of the said Marquis. And as some complaints
against Dr. Robles, a judge of the Panama Audience, had
reached Spain, it was ordered that the Judge Vaca de
Castro should be President of the Panama Audience so
long as he was there, and take steps to call Judge Robles
and Dr. Villalobos to account. On leaving that Audience
in good order, he was to set out for Peru. Having arrived
there, he was to take evidence and make a thorough
inquiry into the course of recent events there, and send
home a report.
Vaca de Castro accepted the appointment, and had great
hopes that, with diligence, he would be able to perform the
duties and do good service to his Majesty. As soon as the
WAR OF CHUPAS
Si
appointment of Vaca de Castro was announced in Spain,
Diego de Alvarado and others wrote to Diego de Almagro
and Juan de Herrada, saying that Dr. Beltran and other
members of the Council had received large presents from
the Marquis, whence it must be inferred that Vaca de Castro
would not do strict justice there. These letters caused
some perturbation in the minds of the men of Chile. Vaca
de Castro, as soon as he had received his sailing orders,
took leave of the Court and proceeded to San Lucar,
where he embarked, with the title of President of the
Audience of Panama. Correspondents were not wanting
who informed the Marquis of the appointment of Vaca de
Castro, and of the very limited powers he brought with
him, telling Pizarro that he need have no mistrust, as the
Judge was going out rather to show him a favour, and
that he would suffer no dishonour in consequence.
Vaca de Castro sailed across the ocean until he came to
Nombre de Dios, whence he proceeded to Panama, arriving
in the middle of January, 1542. It was given out that
he came with wide powers and commissions. Arrived at
Panama, he was received as President in the Audience and
Royal Chancellery. In the Audience Dr. Robles and Dr.
Villalobos were judges. As soon as Vaca de Castro had
been received by them as President, he produced a royal
commission by which his Majesty ordered him to investi-
gate the judges' proceedings, especially those of Dr. Fran-
cisco Robles, who had held office for a long time, and
respecting whose acts several complaints had reached Spain.
Presently this officer was suspended from duty, and his case
was investigated. As Vaca de Castro was anxious to get on
to Peru, he handed over the completion of the case to Dr.
Villalobos, against whom there was nothing, and to the
licentiate Paez de Laserna, who had lately arrived from
Spain as a judge. He then arranged for his own departure,
and quitted the harbour of Panama in a galleon belonging
G
82
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
to Dr. Sepiilveda. There went with him Don Pedro Luis
Cabrera, and Pieman Mejia, an alderman of the city of
Seville. There were also with him Juan de Caceres, Account-
ant of Peru, and Sebastian de Merlo, who had been the
secretary of that Audience. He sailed for Peru, accom-
panied by several other-ships, on the 18th of March in the
year 1542.
CHAPTER XXV
Of what happened in the city of Lima, and how Pedro Alvarez Holguin
left the city of Cuzco on an expedition of discovery.
THE coming of Vaca de Castro as Judge was publicly
known in Lima through letters that had arrived from
Spain; and the men of Chile anxiously awaited the hour of
his arrival, when they would seek for justice respecting the
putting to death of Don Diego de Almagro. They were in
very great need, and the Marquis did nothing to alleviate
their condition. There was an estate with some Indians
which, it was said, Domingo de la Presa had given or sold
to Don Diego.1' It happened that Domingo de la Presa
died at this time, and Francisco Martin de Alcantara, brother
of the Marquis, asked for the estate. There were even some
words about It, for the Bishop, as was said, also had pre-
tensions. Finally the Marquis took it away from Don
Diego and gave it to Francisco Martin. This was assuredly
a great injustice, and not in conformity with the position
and claims of Don Diego, having regard to his father's
services to the King. As maize and other supplies for Don
Diego's house, where all the men of Chile boarded, were
obtained from this estate, they felt the want so much
that it was pitiful to hear what the lad Don Diego said,
1 Almagro's son.
WAR OF CHUPAS S3
and how he complained of the harshness with which the
Marquis treated him. Juan de Herrada, who had formerly
been his father's servant, sought by every means for food
to sustain Don Diego and his followers, who had become
very poor. It is true that the Marquis, in order to make
friends with some of them, sent word to the captains Juan
de Sayavedra, Cristobal de Sotelo, and Francisco de Chaves
that he would give them Indian bondsmen whereby they
might live in comfort: but they scoffed at a promise of that
sort, saying that they would rather die of hunger than re-
ceive food at the hands of the Marquis.
In view of the current news of the coming of Vaca de
Castro, the men of Chile determined to send Alonso de
Montemayor and Juan de Baeza, dressed in mourning, to
welcome the Judge at Piura, or wherever they could over-
take him, and when they reached him they were to petition
for restitution of what they had lost, and punishment of
their enemies for the treason of having killed the Ader
lantado. Some there were who said that Juan de Herrada
and young Almagro conspired together to find out the in-
tentions of Vaca de Castro, and, if these were not in agree-
ment with what they expected and believed, to kill him
and seize all the arms he might have with him. This is
the story told by the Pachacama party, but at that time no
such plot to murder Vaca de Castro was in being or even
discussed among them, nor did they send the deputies for
any other purpose than to acquaint him with the course of
events, and also to learn, perchance, whether he came with
intent to favour the Marquis and not to do full justice to
them. If so, they would prepare to arm and, with some
friends, they would defend themselves against any one
who should wish to annoy them. Presently those two set
out to do what we have stated. When the Marquis heard
of the approach of Vaca de Castro, he sent a chamberlain
named Alonso de Cabrera to receive him, and to see the
84 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
1 Others say a cap with a gold medal having a silver fig embossed
upon it, and a motto—" For the men of Chile."
lodgings prepared for him, where he was to rest on the
road. Although the Marquis felt sore at the coming of
Vaca de Castro, he prudently dissembled, and gave out
that he was pleased at his arrival. At this time Pedro
Alvarez Holguin had gone on an expedition of discovery
with a small force, in the direction of the Chunchos.
Don Pedro de Puertocarrero was then lieutenant for the
Governor at Cuzco. Captain Pedro Anzures was in the
town of Plata, where many gentlemen of rank had settled;
and had instituted good order among the Indians in those
provinces. Those who would not acknowledge their sub-
jection, nor render obedience to his Majesty, were punished
and forced to submit. In the other towns and new settle-
ments the same care was observed. In Lima, as well
as in all the other cities of the Realm, a great quantity
of wheat and barley was raised.
Now the Marquis was guided by the counsels of his
secretary Antonio Picado, who was not a man of constancy
or prudence. It would have been well to lead the Marquis
towards a policy of conciliation, which would have attracted
friends; but Picado did just the reverse. He said many ugly
things of the men of Chile, and it was through his scheming
that the farm was taken from the lad Don Diego and given
over to Francisco Martin. To insult the men of Chile, Picado
one day put on embroidered clothes enriched with many
gold figs,1 and went in that garb to the quarters of young
Diego. There he made his horse plunge and caper about
to the bodily danger of those present, as if with intent to
knock them over. Those of Chile felt hurt and insulted when
they saw this, deploring that their misfortunes and ill-luck
were such that Picado could come thus and triumph over
them. From that time their suspicions grew, and they were
WAR OF CHUPAS 85
CHAPTER XXVI
Of what happened to the President Vaca de Castro, after he left the
city of Panama to go to Peru.
AFTER leaving Panama all went well in the vessel on
board of which Vaca de Castro and his friends had
embarked, and the vessels accompanying her, until they
came to a rocky islet called by the sailors " Mai Pelo!'
Thence they sailed along the coast until they sighted the
Island of La Gorgona, which is near the river of San Juan.
After that the winds were contrary, and the rains frequent.
Then the sea became tempestuous, bearing on its waves the
vessels that had come from Panama. After some days
they sighted the Island of El Gallo, whither the pilot and
captain ordered the sailors to steer, as they wished to renew
their supply of water. Pedro Luis Cabrera, Hernan Meji'a
and some others landed. While they were on shore, the
hawser which secured the vessel carried away, and those
who had gone on shore were only got on board again with
great difficulty. At length they were able to continue the
voyage, and arrived at the A neon de Sardinas. On the
night of their arrival there arose a furious gale, insomuch
that they thought they were lost. All the vessels put to
sea, but when daylight came the galleon was alone, no
in dread lest the Marquis should kill or banish them, so
they sought for arms to defend themselves. The Marquis
was informed of this, and he was counselled by his friends
to keep people about him to guard his person, that he might
not be murdered on a sudden. But he would not take their
advice ; on the contrary, he went out of his house every day
alone. He went to a place where a mill was being built,
where the men of Chile might have killed him many times,
if they had cared to station themselves there.
86
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
other vessel being in sight. When the pilot saw this he
wanted to return to Ancon de Sardinas, but was unable to,
as the vessel had drifted too far to leeward. Night coming
on, and being near the land, the pilot anchored the vessel
with good cables so as to ride through the night without
drifting, with the contrary wind, from the place into which
they had come. But after a short time a sailor cried out
that they were driving on shore. They slipped the anchor
and stood out to sea under the foresail, so, in spite of the
efforts of the pilot, they were unable to hold their own. They
ran for the island of El Gallo, where they found a ship at
anchor. They believed she was one of those which had started
with them ; but it was not so, she had come from Nicaragua.
Vaca de Castro ordered Merlo to go to that vessel in
the boat, and to require those in command on board to
come and appear before him. There came one named
Pedro Orejon, who was married to a daughter of the
Governor Rodrigo de Contreras, and another named Juan
de Ouiñones, a settler in the city of Leon. As soon as
they learnt that Vaca de Castro was on board the galleon
they came to pay their respects. He asked them to keep
him company, as he had lost touch with the vessels which left
Panama with him. They answered that they would do so.
So they got up their anchors and left that place, to sail on
along the coast. But although they used all their skill to
gain southing they could not do so, by reason of the adverse
weather which would in no wise allow them to proceed.
When Vaca de Castro saw how difficult it was to make way
against the contrary winds, and reflected how desirable it
was to reach his destination speedily, to prevent trouble
between the respective parties of Chile and of Pachacama,
he consulted with those on board. They agreed that, as
the contrary winds were so persistent, and there was a
deficiency of cables and gear, it would be better to make
for the port of Buenaventura, whence they could march to
WAR OF CHUPAS 8/
the city of Cali, where they would find all the outfit neces-
sary for a journey to Peru. Vaca de Castro and those
on board both the vessels having come to this decision
they steered for the Isle of Palms. Xo one on board either
ship knew the port of Buenaventura, it being situated
between rivers, with very dense forests on either side; so
that to make no mistake it is necessary to know it well. I
myself, having once gone to Panama to negotiate certain
business with the Royal Chancellery, returned to the pro-
vince by way of this port. Though I had a pilot with me,
named Martin Hernandez, who had been there twice before,
we missed our mark and thought we had lost ourselves, be-
cause one has to enter by two or three branches of the rivers
to get into the one by which vessels are brought up to the
port by the tide. We were eleven days in those rivers seek-
ing for the port and never able to find it; nor should we
have got there at all, if it had not been for a skipper who
was coming out in a small vessel on a fishing cruise. He
piloted us into the branch of the river which leads to Buena-
ventura. I mention this because Vaca de Castro had much
trouble in finding the port, as there is much risk in trying
to enter, for those who have never seen it before.
Having arrived at the Isle of Palms they were very
puzzled over the means to be adopted for finding the port.
They found an inscription cut in large letters on a rock in
the island, to the following effect: Whoever comes in search
of the port of Buenaventura should sail for six leagues to the
west, and on the beach at which he will arrive he will see a
large cross, and on digging at the foot of it will find a calabash
containing a letter which tells ivherc the port is. The}' were
all much pleased at finding this writing, and Vaca de Castro
ordered a sailor who understood navigation to go in the
boat and seek for the letter at the cross, for then they could
not possibly go wrong. He ordered Merlo to go with him
in the boat. They started, and presently arrived where the
88
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
letters on the rock directed The)' found the cross cut down
by the coast Indians, but, after a diligent search, could not
find the letter. As the cross had been cut down, they
decided to go towards a bay or roadstead that the coast
forms. They wandered about for eight days without being
able to find anything, nor any sign of a port. After those
eight days the boat returned to the galleon, where the crew
had suffered much from hunger, and must have succumbed
if it had not been for the Nicaraguan ship which supplied
them out of the stores she had brought.
How the President Vaca de Castro was in great need and danger from
being unable to find the port of Buenaventura; and how, at the
end of some days during which they were seeking the port, they
sighted a ship in which there came Don Juan de Andagoya, who
told them where the port was.
REAT was the disappointment of those on board the
V_T ships when the boat's crew who had gone in search
of the cross and the letter supposed to be deposited there
reported their non-success. Vaca de Castro was very worried
and depressed. He ordered another pilot to take the boat
and some sailors, and see whether peradventure the}' could
find the port, for the want of provisions was now such that
with even but a little more delay, the danger would become
very serious. So the pilot and boat's crew started a second
time to seek for the port, with a limit of eight days within
which to go and return. Although they went along coast-
wise, and entered several rivers that came down from the
mountains into the sea, the}- could find no sign nor trace
of a port, nor anything that might guide them. Being on
the point of returning to the Isle of Palms, that Vaca de
Castro might go back to Panama by reason of the failure
of provisions, the)' sighted two sails coming along the coast,
CHAPTER XXVII
WAR OF CHUPAS 89
steering towards where the boat then was. They saw them
anchor, and stow their sails, and the strangers then made
towards them in their boats, for they were in the same pre-
dicament as themselves, as they had come from Nicaragua,
and their pilots, having never been at Buenaventura, did
not know the way to the port. They thought that those
in the boat they had sighted would be able to guide them
in the right direction. When the two parties heard from
each other what they were after, they were greatly de-
pressed. They agreed to make for that bay again, with all
three boats, and see if they could find the port from thence.
That night a great tempest arose, and they thought they
must perish.
Meanwhile Vaca de Castro and the crews of the ships
suffered much from want of food; when the boats were
about to return, there came in sight a ship which had just
left the port of Buenaventura. On board of her was Don
Juan de Andagoya, son of the Adelantado Don Pascual de
Andagoya. He was in search of the captain Cristobal
de Peñas,1 and was coming to seek an order from the
Royal Audience of Panama to the Adelantado Sebastian
de Belalcazar to allow his father, who was held a prisoner,
to depart freely whither he chose. When Don Juan came
out of the mouth of the river and saw the other vessels, he
got into the ship's boat and went to see who they were
and what they wanted. There was a heavy sea, Don Juan
lost the rudder, and if they had not come to his help he
would have perished. When they heard from Don Juan
that the port of Buenaventura was near, they were de-
lighted, and hastened to carry the good news to where the
President was. They told Don Juan there was no need for
1 This should be Alonso de Peña, brother-in-law of Pascual de
Andagoya. When Andagoya left Panama to take possession of his
government, he sent Peña to Santo Domingo, to collect more troops,
horses, and stores. See my translation of Andagoya's narrative, Intro-
duction, p. xxvi {Hakluyt Society!s vol. 34, for 1865).
90 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
him to go to Panama, for that Vaca de Castro, who was
hard by, was himself President of the Audience of Panama,
and could liberate Don Juan's father and compensate him
for the injury done him. When Don Juan heard this he
rejoiced, believing that since Vaca de Castro came with
such very full and ample powers from his Majesty, as was
stated, they would be most useful in the cause of the
Adelantado his father, and in freeing him from the clutches
of Belalcazar. So telling the boat's crews they must go up
the river down which he had come, and that they would
then quickly arrive at the port they sought, Don Juan, with
his vessel, went on to the Isle of Palms, where he found
the President. Vaca de Castro gave Don Juan a warrant,
under his signature, by which Belalcazar was to release
Andagoya from the prison in which he was confined.
Vaca de Castro duly arrived at the port of Buenaventura,1
whence he sent his secretary Merlo to notify to Belalcazar
the order for the release of Andagoya, and to let him
know that Vaca de Castro was coming to the kingdom of
Peru by his Majesty's command. Here we will leave him
and relate what happened at the city of the Kings.
CHAPTER XXVIII
How the neivs arrived at Lima that Vaca de Castro had reached the
river of San Juan, how this was received by those oj Chile, and
what else happened at that time in the city oj the Kings.
WHEN the President Vaca de Castro sailed from
Panama, several ships went in company with him,
as I have already related. At the Ancon de Sardinas some
1 Buenaventura, the port of Cali, was founded by Juan Ladrillo,
under orders from the Adelantado Pascual de Andagoya, who had
received the government of the coast thence to Panama. The muni-
cipality of Cali ordered that six or seven settlers should reside there
to arrange for the landing of merchandize and its transmission across
the mountains to Cali. The pilots with Vaca de Castro certainly
WAR OF CHUPAS 91
were lost in a storm. The galleon bore up for Buena-
ventura, but others, being smaller and better sailers, were
able to make southing and reach the port of Lima. There
they passed the news that the President was coming by
sea, but had encountered terrible weather, and they did not
know whether he was lost or had returned to Panama, or
had put into the port of Buenaventura. At this news, the
Marquis and those of his party were not a little pleased.
But those of Chile, when they heard it, complained of
their bad luck. For they were hopefully expecting him to
arrive at an early date and make amends for the injustice
that had been done in killing [the Adelantado] Don Diego
[de Almagro], and in not giving them any repartimiaitos,
notwithstanding they had done good service and made
discoveries in that land. They went about very sad and
downcast. They were reduced to great straits, for between
ten or twelve of them there was but one cloak, which they
went out in by turns. The citizens of Lima were so in-
different that, though they saw them almost dying of hunger,
they did not help them with a single thing, nor would they,
even in their own homes, offer them an)' food.
When St. John's Day drew near, the citizens rode out
on horseback to make merry, but a very bad prognostic
happened. It was this: Antonio Picado1 took up behind
him on his horse a half-witted fellow, who at the time was
in Lima, named Juan de Lepe. He had scarcely mounted
when Lepe cried out, " This is the justice that is ordered
to be done this man." When the men of Chile heard it
they rejoiced, saying that they hoped the utterance of that
ninny would prove to be a prophecy, and that they would
be avenged of their enemies by such words as those coming
true.
showed great want of intelligence in not being able to find it (^ee
Cieza de Ceon, p. 105, Hakluyt Society's vol. 33, for 1864).
1 The Marquis Pizarro's secretary.
92 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
People want to say that at this time the men of Chile,
seeing themselves so overlooked, and that no judge before
whom the)- could state their grievances had come, were
conspiring among themselves to murder the Marquis, and
that this very St. John's Day was the time selected. It is
further said that the good cavalier Cristobal de Sotelo pre-
vented it, saying that it was not desirable to do such an
act then. It is also said that the Marquis had resolved to
banish Don Diego1 and Juan de Herrada,2 and to execute
justice on those who were seen to go about fomenting
strife. Well! neither the one story nor the other is true.
It is well known to those who lived at that time that the
Marquis often went to a mill which he had ordered to be
built on the banks of the river that flows by the city,
accompanied only by an unarmed page. Being thus un-
guarded, it would have been easy for assassins to kill him
if they had wanted to do so. Although some men talked
of avenging the death of Almagro, it had not then been
determined to murder the Marquis. Neither can we believe,
nor would it be fair to affirm, that the Marquis intended
to banish them, or to put anyone to death; for we know
that many of his friends advised him to adopt such measures,
and that he told them such a thing would never be done
by him, because it would at once be said that he did so
that there might be no one to plead in the residencia3 In
1 Son of the Adelantado Don Diego de Almagro, usually known as
" El mozo " (the lad). He was a half-caste, by an Indian woman of
Panamd.
2 Juan de Herrada was an able soldier, a servant of the old Almagro,
and devoted to the interests of his son.
1 At the expiration of the term of all Spanish governors and judges
a "Juez de Residencia" was appointed to examine into their conduct,
and receive complaints and representations from those whom they had
governed or judged. This was called a residencia. Solorzano points
out many evils in the working of the system (Politica Indiana, Lib. v,
cap. to, pp. 836-849). Vaca de Castro, however, was not sent out with
powers to terminate the rule of the Marquis. He was to receive evid-
ence, and report to the Home Government. If the Marquis was dead
when Vaca de Castro arrived, then the latter was to succeed as Governor.
WAR OF CHUPAS 93
the city there was some commotion, accompanied by pro-
found silence on the part of the Indians, who said that
the Marquis's last day was at hand, when he would be
murdered by the men of Chile. The same was common
talk in the market-places, and some Indian women repeated
it to Spaniards who were their house-masters. It is also
said that the favourite, Garci Diaz, heard it from an Indian
girl and warned the Marquis about it. But Pizarro laughed,
and said that no attention should be paid to such Indian
gossip. After some further discussion respecting these
rumours, the Marquis ordered the Bishop to have Juan de
Herrada fetched, and to bring him before him on the same
St. John's Day, in the afternoon. Four or five days before
this, Juan de Herrada heard that the Marquis was col-
lecting arms, and intended to seize the men of Chile or
banish them, or kill certain of them, but he concealed what
he had heard. He consulted with Cristobal de Sotelo,
FYancisco de Chaves, and others of their party, and they
determined to purchase arms, and if the Marquis wanted
to kill or take them, to unite together and kill him first, if
they could. Presently Juan de Herrada bought a coat ot
mail, in which he always went about. The party also got
some lances, and other weapons which they kept concealed
about them. Don Diego went out better attended than the
Marquis himself. Juan de Herrada also, when he walked
abroad, was followed by twenty or thirty men ready for
anything that might happen. The Marquis was told that
the men of Chile carried arms, went about in parties, and
were plotting to kill him. Hearing this, he told the Bishop
elect of Quito to send for Juan de Herrada. Don Juan
was somewhat disturbed on learning that he had been sent
for, and the men of Chile wanted to accompany him, but he
decided to go alone. When they realized this they were
in a state of confusion until he returned. They kept their
arms ready to hand waiting for the result, because some of
94
CIVIL WARS OK PERU
them thought that the Marquis would arrest him; since with
what other object, forsooth, could he have been sent for?
Arriving where the Marquis was, Juan de Herrada found
him in a garden looking at some orange trees he had planted
there. On knocking at the door it was opened, and as he
came in the Marquis turned to him, and said " Who are
you? " Juan de Herrada answered: " How is it that you do
not know me? I am Juan de Herrada! " The Marquis then
said, "What is this, Juan de Herrada, that they tell me, that
you are buying arms and preparing armour with the inten-
tion of murdering me?" Juan de Herrada answered, "It
is true, my lord, that I have bought two pair of breast-
plates and a coat of mail for defending my own person." The
Marquis then asked, " What reason has moved you to buy
arms now more than at any other time? " Juan de Herrada
replied, " Because they tell us—and it is the public talk—
that your Lordship is collecting lances to kill us all! " He
went on: "Well! let us make an end of it now, and your
Lordship can deal with us as you please, for, having begun
with the head, I know not why the feet should call for
respect. They also say that your Lordship means to kill the
Judge; but if you think of killing the men of Chile, do not
so! Banish Don Diego in a ship, for he is innocent of any
fault, and let me go with him wherever chance may strand
us." The Marquis, with an angry countenance, then ex-
claimed: "Who has made you believe in such a great evil
and treason as this? For I have never thought of such a
thing. I desire more to see the Judge here than you can do.
Diego de Mora has written to me that he had arrived at the
river of San Juan, and the masters of ships who have come
here bring the same news. As he did not care to embark
in my galleon he is not here. As to the arms that you say
I am getting, the other day I went out hunting, and I found
that my servants had not a lance among them. I told them
to get one, and they bought four. I pray to God, Juan de
WAR OF CHUPAS 95
1 So that the statement that they were starving appears false.
2 This very interesting interview between the Marquis Pizarro and
his murderer is also given by Zarate and Gomara. Garcilaso de la
Vega copied from them. Prescott does not mention it; but Sir Arthur
Helps (iv, 136-137) gives a full account of this extraordinary conversa-
tion. It is certainly worth preserving. Pizarro must have repeated it
to his friend the Bishop elect of Quito, immediately after it took place,
anil the Bishop was one of Cieza de Leon's most valued authorities.
Herrada, that the Judge may come; and may God help us
to the truth, and let these things come to an end."
Juan de Herrada's heart was in some degree softened by
what the Marquis had said to him, and he answered, "Por
Dios, my Lord, they have made me spend 500pesos and more
in purchasing arms,1 and I got myself a coat of mail, so that
I may have protection if anyone comes to kill me." The
Marquis, showing more friendliness, said, " God forbid that
I should be guilty of such great cruelty! " Juan de Herrada
took off his cap and was about to depart, and as he went a
fool who was there, named Valdesillo, said to the Marquis,
" Why don't you give some of those oranges to Juan de
Herrada? " The Marquis answered, " Por Dios, thou sayest
well, for I had not thought of it." Then the Marquis, with
his own hand, plucked half a dozen oranges from the tree,
being the first that were borne in that country, and gave
them to Juan de Herrada. That worth}' then departed to
his lodgings, and on the road he met over thirty of the men
of Chile, who had come out to look for him. The}' were
very glad to meet him, and asked what had happened
between him and the Marquis. He told them all that had
taken place. Don Diego was very anxious at the delay in
Herrada's return, and was delighted when he saw him
coming, so that he went forward to embrace him; while
Herrada related to him and the rest of them all that had
been said-between himself and the Marquis.2
96
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
CHAPTER XXIX
How the men of Chile plotted to murder the Marquis, and how one oj
them named Francisco de Herencia gave notice of it at confession.
Of the great heedlessness of the Marquis, and of what further hap-
pened until those of Chile went out to kill him.
JL 1 of my story without having to relate mournful things
and cruel deaths, but we cannot make the pen shun or turn .
back from the work we have commenced; for my writing
is not to please the living, but to be a faithful witness of
what happened, for future ages. Now I have to tell the
story of the death of the Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro, a
fate in no way fitted for a man of such great merits—and
who had served his royal master so long in those Indies, and
who in his own person had discovered so great, rich, and
prosperous a country as Peru is; where such great riches
of gold and silver, unequalled in an}' other part of the world,
have been found. But there was the death of the Adel-
antado Don Diego de Almagro, which he could have pre-
vented if he had so willed.1
1 Prescott concurs in thus fixing the blame for the death of Almagro.
Sir Arthur Helps does not. The evidence of the Bishop of Quito,
who was with the Governor, is conclusive that Pizarro had no know-
ledge of the intention of his brother to put Almagro to death, until
he reached Abancay, when it was too late.
My own conviction is that Hernando Pizarro had no such intention,
but that he was going to deliver Almagro to his old friend Don Fran-
cisco Pizarro, to deal with him as he thought best. But when he
discovered the dangerous plot to assassinate himself and liberate
Almagro, he was convinced of the necessity of passing the death
sentence on the old Adelantado. He had no doubt whatever of its
justice. It was quite in keeping with Hernando's stern and self-
reliant character that he should take the responsibility solely on him-
self. He knew that his brother would not consent, yet he believed
that it was a political necessity. Don Francisco Pizarro must thus be
entirely exonerated from any responsibility for the execution of Almagro,
whatever Cieza de Leon may assert on evidence derived from un-
authentic gossip. The Bishop of Quito completely refutes him.
could get through some part
WAR OF CHUPAS 97
The festival of St. John being past, Juan de Herrada
conversed in secret with Don Diego. He spoke of the arrival
of Vaca de Castro, and declared that he came out from
Spain suborned with money sent by the Marquis. Even if
that were not so, he suspected that the Marquis wanted to
kill them; so that, to deliver himself from the one and the
other, he resolved to anticipate and murder the Marquis
first, and thus avenge the death of the Adelantado Don
Diego de Almagro. Don Diego was very young—a virtuous
youth and one of great pretensions and ambition, con-
sidering that he came of such humble parentage. He had
a heart capable of undertaking any great deed, but he was
so boyish that he was not adapted for personally ruling
over people, nor to command a troop. He replied to Herrada
that before deciding upon anything he should consider well
what there was to be done. On the same day many of those
belonging to his party consulted together, and the upshot
was that they would murder the Marquis in any way they
could. The captain Cristobal de Sotelo was opposed to
this decision, saying that nothing should be done until the
arrival of the Judge. He argued that although it was
publicly announced that he was coming with nothing be-
yond his commission, he might secretly have other more
extensive powers. Should he not do rightful justice, but
lean to the side of the Marquis, they might both be killed.
Owing to what Sotelo said, they put off, for the time being,
doing that on which they had resolved.
After the consultation one of those who were present
named Francisco de Herencia, told it all, at confession, to a
priest named Henao. This priest saw that it would be a
great evil to the kingdom and its inhabitants if the Marquis
should die in that manner, that God and his Majesty would
be ill served, that terrible djsorder would ensue among the
Spaniards, and that a still worse civil war would be the con-
sequence. Fie determined to avert these evils by appris-
H
93
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
ing the Marquis, who was going that evening to sup
at the house of his brother Francisco Martin de Alcan-
tara, with his children. Before he went there he, with
Antonio Picado, his secretary, called at the house of
Doctor Juan Blazquez, his lieutenant. Pizarro desired him
to be watchful, as there was a report that the men of Chile
were intending to rise, and even talked of killing him. He
added that those persons must be brought to book, and
that occasion should be taken for administering justice.
The doctor replied that while the wand of justice was in
his hands the Marquis might sleep in peace, and not
imagine that any one would move to do him a disservice.
After this the Marquis went to the house of his brother.
Soon afterwards the secretary, Antonio Picado, came to
the room with blanched features, bringing a man who
would not come forward, as he did not wish to be recog-
nized. Stepping up to the Marquis, Picado asked him to
get up, as that man was the priest Henao, and came to
warn him that the men of Chile intended to murder him.
The Marquis got up, and went across to Henao and heard
from him all that he had to tell. He replied that some-
one, in the hope that his warning would obtain for him a
present of a horse or other reward, had related the story,
but that it was all Indian gossip. The priest protested,
saying that he stood by what he had done, and declared
that he could not be so remiss as to be mistaken in so
momentous a matter. The Marquis returned to the table
very pensive, and did not eat any more. After a short time
he returned to his house, and Antonio Picado went to his,
to dance with a girl friend he had there. This was wrong,
for if he had given notice of what had passed, and of the
suspicion there was, to the friends of the Marquis, it might
have been that the murder would have been prevented.
Yet if it was a Divine judgment, as we must believe, no
human effort could have averted it.
WAR OF CHUPAS
99
The Marquis lay down on his bed, thinking over what
Henao had told him. On that night the Licentiate Cara-
vajal got word of the plots of the men of Chile, and sent for
Juan de Herrada, telling him that he must be on his guard
not to do anything which would cause more trouble. Her-
rada answered, with dissimulation, that nothing was con-
templated that would be injurious to the Marquis, for they
awaited the arrival of the Judge, believing that he would
administer justice. The Licentiate, though Juan de Her-
rada had justified himself, sent to advise the Marquis that
he had better go out well accompanied, and cherish that
distrust of the men of Chile that their doings merited.
How the men of Chile came forth from the lodging of Don Diego de
Almagro, of the death they inflicted on the Marquis Don Francisco
Pizarro, and of the valorous spirit he showed before his death.
r I MTERE was much perturbation among the men of
X Chile when they learnt that the Marquis had sus-
picions of their secret plotting. They did not know
whether any of those whom they reckoned as friends, to
curry favour with the Marquis and obtain his goodwill, had
betrayed them; and their consultations did not cease.
Some were for sallying out to murder the Marquis; others
for retiring to the Indians' villages until the Judge should
arrive. Others said that the Marquis suspected them, and
that he was seeking some pretext for putting them to a
cruel death. Juan de Herrada told them to bring all their
arms, and that when the time came he would tell them
what to do. The Marquis was in his house in bed, and
before he got up a page came to him, and said, " Sir, all
the town says, and it is publicly discussed among the
Indians, that the men of Chile will come this morning to
CHAPTER XXX
IOO
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
murder you!" The Marquis replied very angrily, "Be off,
you silly boy! " 1
I am perfectly astounded, and with very good reason, at
the little care and great remissness of the Marquis. He
is told that they are coming to murder him in the morn-
ing, and he treats it as a joke, as if there were nothing in
it. When I think of past events in those kingdoms, as
those who may read my books will see, I am astonished,
and it seems to me that God, for the sins of the Marquis,
weakened his understanding, and willed that he should die
a death so cruel as the one he did. I will say that one of
the causes that have given rise to troubles and dissensions
in this Empire of the Indies, has been the promotion by
his Majesty and the high Council of the Indies of illiterate
men to the government of provinces, many without the
tact or prestige needful for the administration of justice.
In ancient times the Romans, who ruled the whole
world with their wisdom, did not, on any account, give
charge of a government to those who were not learned or
acquainted with the laws; for he who has to govern, if he
be not prudent, is apt to count everything as nought.
I have wished to say this because if the Marquis had been
as wise as he was valiant, and as well educated as he was
resolute, he would have paid careful attention to the reports
that were brought to him, and have known that ten de-
termined men may succeed in an undertaking, although it
may require great intrepidity. We read how Philip, King
of Macedon, being in his palace, surrounded by his knights
and attendants, was stabbed by a principal noble named
Pausanias because, in a certain case, he would not do
justice. So one can see that, although Philip believed that
his death was in question, and had himself guarded in a
1 Or, according to another account—" That is not business for a
boy.-J
WAR OF CHUPAS
IOI
manner different from the Marquis, yet it happened after all.
He knew that the oracle of Apollo at Delphi had given a
reply, through the devil, that he would die by reason
of a cart, so he gave an order, that throughout his king-
dom there should be no waggon or cart, and no vehicle
having that name was to be seen in any town in his
dominions. In spite of all this care there was a cart en-
graved upon the sword with which Pausanias killed him.
The great Julius Caesar, who ruled the larger part of
the world, and had a guard of ten thousand men, was
well beloved by all the Roman soldiery, and had the
cohorts and urban and pretorian legions on his side; yet
was he not murdered in a temple by Brutus, Cassius, and
about thirty more, who gave him twenty-three stabs? Be-
sides these, many princes and great lords have been mur-
dered by the hand of some audacious man. These things
are certain. How, then, could the Marquis think he was
secure and that they were not conspiring to kill him? By
my faith! I believe his sins blinded him, and God per-
mitted it, for He wills that His justice shall be clear, and
at certain times and in some cases manifests it to men.
The next day, which was Sunday, the Marquis was
spoken to again about the men of Chile being watched,
because it was said that they intended to murder him on
that very day. Very lukewarmly he told the Doctor Juan
Blazquez to arrest the-principals among them, and to take
precautions. Some want to say that the priest Domingo
Ruiz, and Perucho de Aguirre, told this to Juan de Her-
rada. The Doctor having come to the Marquis, declared
that while he held the wand in his hand, the Marquis might
rest assured that he would receive no annoyance nor dis-
service, and that, for his part, he would see to it that the
informations were made out that same day. Having said
this, the doctor and all the rest who were present went to
hear mass.
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
Those of Chile being assembled in the lodging of Don
Diego, one of them named San Millan came in panting
for breath and much excited and went up to Juan de
Herrada, who had no intention then of carrying out their
design on that day. He said, " What are you doing, when
in two hours we shall all be quartered? The Treasurer
Alonso de Riquelme has told me this." This was a lie,
for the Treasurer had said nothing. San Millan invented
it, to drive Juan de Herrada into immediate action. The
latter rose from his couch, picked up his arms, and there
joined in with him the following company :
Juan de Herrada.
Martin de Bilbao.1 Porras (of Ciudad-Rodrigo).
Baltasar Gomez.1 Pedro Cabezas.1
Diego de Hoces.1 Velazquez.
Juan de Guzman.1 Bartolome de Enciso.
Pedro de San Millan.1 ^ Arbolancha 1 {killed Chaves).
Juan Sajo (Navarrese). Jeronimo de Almagro.1
Narvaez {killed by Pizarro). Enrique Losa.1
Francisco Nunez (of Gran- Pineda (Page to Almagro).
ada), deserted them. Diego Mendez {murderer of
Juan Rodriguez Barragan.1 the Inca Manco).
1 Of these murderers Juan de Herrada died a natural death. Martin
de Bilbao and Jeronimo de Almagro were killed at the battle of
Chupas. Arbolancha (the murderer of Chaves), Barragan, Cabezas,
Gomez, Guzmdn, Hoces, Losa, were hanged; Narvaez was killed by
Pizarro. Mendez escaped to the Inca and murdered him, finally getting
his deserts. The fate of the others is unknown.
Both Prescott and Helps repeat a story told by Montesinos that one
of the conspirators, when they were rushing across the plaza, ran
round a pool of water instead of going through it, to avoid getting wet.
Herrada told him, as he was so particular, he must go back. Monte-
sinos is a late and not at all a reliable authority, and the story need
not be believed. It never rains, and there never are pools of water in
the plaza of Lima. The name of Gomez Perez is given, one of the
villains who murdered the Inca Manco and got their deserts.
It is to be observed that none of Almagro's old captains had any-
thing to do with the murder, except perhaps Chaves, although they
were violently antagonistic to the Marquis and were in Lima. They
were not murderers. Only one threw in his lot with young Almagro.
WAR OF CHUPAS
United and brave, these men came forth publicly and
openly determined to murder the Marquis or perish in the
attempt, believing that he intended to execute justice upon
them on that very day.
They told off Pedro Picon,1 a native of Merida, and
Marchena, and Francisco de Chaves to station themselves
in the plaza, mounted on horseback. The warlike youth
Garcia de Alvarado y Sosa,2 Martin Carrillo,1 Peces, Martel,1
Francisco Coronado 1 of Badajoz, Juan Asturiano, Pedro
Navarro, Diego Becerra,3 and Juan Diente 1 were also in
the plot. These were to be on the watch and help the
part)- when they came out. Before the latter started they
sent a spy to find out what the Doctor was doing, and how
many people had gone to the house of the Marquis, for
they already knew that he had not gone to mass. It is
even said that the Doctor sent a spy, and that when he
entered they all hid themselves inside so that he could not
see them. Then, as Montenegro, a resident of Lima, was
passing, they hustled him inside by force. He found out
what they wanted to do and tried to hinder them, but his
words had no effect.
In which what happened is concluded down to the time when the
Marquis Pizarro was murdered by the men of Chile.
\ LL those I have mentioned being assembled in the
Ix. quarters of Don Diego, Juan de Herrada said : " Look
ye, Sirs! that if we show determination and contrive to
kill the Marquis, we avenge the death of the Adelantado
and secure the reward that our services done to the King
CHAPTER XXXI
1 Hanged.
- No relation to the other Alvarados.
' Deserted at Chupas.
104 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
in this land merit, and if we do not go forward with our
intention, our heads will be set on the gallows which stand
in the plaza. But let each one choose the course he prefers
in this business." They all answered in conformity with
his wishes, and so they all went forth from the place where
the\r were assembled, armed with coats of mail, breast-
plates, halberds, two cross-bows, and one arquebus, shout-
ing in loud voices: " Long live the King! Death to tyrants!"
Garcia de Alvarado, with those 1 have mentioned, went out
by another street on horseback to support them. Those
of Chile took their way to the house of the Marquis along
the city streets towards the plaza. Only nineteen in number
they passed through more than a thousand people, and
although these heard the shouts of the murderers, by some
secret judgment of God, they did not interfere. They
THE PLAN OF LIMA
The seat of Pizarro's government was first at Jauja, in the mountains ;
but this being found inconvenient it was removed to the coast plains,
where Lima still stands, and a scheme for laying out the city in square
allotments was adopted. It provided for 117 such squares, known as
ma/izanas, each side or cuadra of which measured 147 varus or
Spanish yards, or, according to Cobo, 450 pies or Spanish feet. The
roadway between each square and the next was 40pies in width. The
Plaza mayor with its adjoining roadway was left vacant, for public
use; and Cieza tells us that a gibbet was erected in the middle of it.
Every manzuna was subdivided into four equal portions called solares,
or sites; and the central group of these was allotted or taken up
when the city was founded, in 1535, in the manner stated hereunder
(of. the Plan opposite, and vide the Introduction, pp. xxxviii-xxxix).
1, 2, 3, 4, the Marques Pizarro. 19, Juan Diaz Melgar.
5, 7, Alonso Riquelme. 21, Martin Pizarro.
8, Antonio Ricado. 22, N. de Ribera {el viejo).
9, 10, Garcia de Salcedo. 23, Roscan.
11, the church. 24, N. de Ribera {el mozo).
12, the parish priest. 25, 26, Hernando Pizarro.
13, Diego de Agiiero. 27, Juan de Barrios.
15, Juan de Barbaran.* 28, Rod1", de Mazuelas.
16, Pedro Navarro. 30, Ger"10. de Aliaga.
17, Herman Ponce. 32, Martin de Alcantara.
18, 20, Frro. de Godoy.
N.B.—The Plan is copied from an eighteenth century MS. in the
British Museum, but shows the allotments concerned, around the
Plaza mayor, exactly as they were when the city was founded.
Hakluyt Society: Series II, vol. 42
WAR OF CHUPAS 105
1 Come to pay their respects after mass. It was Sunday.
= Five good men and true. 3 Fifteen cowards.
merely said, " Oh, they go to murder either the Marquis or
Picado." The conspirators reached the plaza still shout-
ing, " Long live the King! Death to tyrants! " Sometimes
the name of Almagro was heard. So, without opposition,
they came to the house of the Marquis. It was strong, and
to reach the apartments where he was, it was necessary
to cross two court-yards. In one there were narrow door-
ways, with doors so strong that if one man shot the
bolts, it would take more than two hundred to force them.
Besides these there was another door where the Marquis
was, which persons in his company could easily defend
against any who might come to assail him. But no attention
was paid to these things and there were no precautions
taken.
In the court-yard were the Major-domo Lozano, one
Antonio Navarro, and his servant named Hurtado. In the
sala, accompanying the Marquis, with only cloaks and
swords, there were1 —
Francisco Martin de Alcdn- The secretary Pedro Lopez
tara.2 de Caceres.3
Capt. Francisco de Chaves'} Francisco de Ampuero.1
D. Garci Diez [sic], Bishop Rodrigo Pantoja.3
of Quito.3 Diego Ortiz de Guzman.
The Marquis's lieut. Dr. Capt". Juan Perez.3
Juan Blazquez.3 Alonso PeTez de Esquivel.3
The overseer Garcia de Sal- Hernan Nunez de Segura.
cedo.' Juan Enriquez (the elder).3
Luis de Rivera.3 Gonzalo Herndiidez dc la
Juan Ortiz de Zdratci1 Torre.2
Alonso de Manjarres.3 Juan Bautista Mallero.3
D Gomez de Luna.2 Hernan Gonzalez.3
[Francisco dc Vcrgarai]
io6
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
besides several servants of the Marquis and of others. The
Marquis was conversing with the Bishop of Quito, when
his page Diego de Vargas, son of Gomez de Tordoya, being
at the street door, saw the murderers coming across the
plaza, and rushed into the room in great perturbation, cry-
ing "Arm! Arm! for all the men of Chile are coming to
murder the Marquis my master." This alarmed the Marquis
and those who were with him. They went down to the first
landing on the staircase to see what was happening. At
the same moment the men of Chile entered the second
court-yard shouting, " Long live the King! Death to
tyrants." Jeronimo de Almagro wounded Hurtado badly.
The Mayor-domo gallantly opposed them, but being alone
his valour availed little; but, through the intercession of
Diego Mendez he was not killed. Those who were with
the Marquis retreated into the sala; most of them show-
ing great cowardice and taking to flight in a dastardly way.
The Doctor, with his wand of office, got out through a
window, and dropped into the garden. The overseer Garcia
de Salcedo did the same. Others were in such fear and
trembling that it seemed as if the men of Chile had thrust
their swords into them. Some sought refuge between the
beds or under the furniture.
The Marquis, his brother Francisco Martin, Gomez de
Luna, and the two pages Vargas and Cardona went into
an inner chamber to arm themselves. Francisco de Chaves,
Diego Ortiz de Guzman, Juan Ortiz, Pedro Lopez de
Cazalla, and Bartolome de Vergara, and a few others who
stood their ground, remained in the sala much alarmed
and not knowing what to do. The Marquis, with a brave
spirit, throwing off a long purple robe he was wearing,
went into his dressing room, put on a breast-plate or two,
and taking up the broad-sword he had used in his ex-
peditions, he drew it out of its sheath, exclaiming, " Come
along, my good sword, companion of my labours!" They
PLAN OF THE
MARQUIS PIZARRO'S HOUSE AT LIMA
{Approximate')
Hakluyt Society : Series II, vol. 42
WAR OF CHUPAS IO7
had closed the door of the sala, but the men of Chile came
up the stairs. Juan de Herrada, being in front, exclaimed:
"Oh joyful and happy day! Let all men know that Al-
magro was worthy to have such friends, since they know
so well how to avenge his death on the cruel tyrant who
caused it." Don Francisco de Chaves came forward from
where he had been standing with the Bishop, and called for
the door to be opened. Though they said that it was better
to keep it shut, because if it was defended for a short time
help would be sure to come, he was not satisfied; and
ordered it to be opened. It was opened, and Don Francisco
de Chaves met Juan de Herrada and the others face to
face. With much humility and without a sign of resistance,
not even putting his hand on his sword hilt, he said: "Sirs!
what is this? You cannot feel the same anger toward me
as you do towards the Marquis, for I was always a friend."
Those in front answered not a word, but, Juan de Herrada
turning his head to those who were behind, Arbolancha
gave Chaves a mortal thrust. He instantly fell in a death
struggle, and his body went rolling down the stairs into the
court-yard. The men of Chile then rushed into the sala,
shouting, " Where is the tyrant?" " Where is he?" Martin
de Bilbao came to the door of the room where the Marquis
was arming, and Juan Ortiz de Zarate gave him one or
two wounds with a halberd. Juan Ortiz was also badly
wounded.
Some would have it that this Juan Ortiz de Zarate warned
the men of Chile that the Doctor intended to arrest them,
by order of the Marquis, and other things were popularly
reported which I was unable to find any proof of, so that
from what did happen one gathers that they were lies.
Francisco Martin de Alcantara was at the door of the
inner room with his sword drawn, and when he saw that
the Chileans had reached the second door, he went back
into the inner room where his brother the Marquis was, to
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
help him and die with him. The men of Chile shouted
loudly, saying: "Death to the tyrant while there is time,
before help can come!" The Marquis said: "What dis-
graceful thing is this? Why do you wish to kill me?"
They, calling him "traitor," fought to get into the room,
and murder him.
The aged Governor had not lost the valour which fame
ascribed to him, nor had the gallantry which adorned his
person been lessened in the slightest degree. So spirited
and strong of heart did he show himself that I believe, if
he had been on an open space, he would have taken ven-
geance unaided sooner than die at the hands of his enemies.
When the Chileans saw that they could not get in, they
called out for lances with which they might kill him from
outside. His two young pages were with the Marquis, one
named Vargas, the other Cardona, and with their swords
drawn they placed themselves one on each side of their
master.1 The murderers, finding that they could not get to
close quarters and that they were losing time, resorted to
a cunning artifice. This was to hurl one of themselves
against the Marquis, so that, being thus embarrassed, they
might be able to dash in. One of them, named Narvaez,
was violently shoved from behind and thus forced inside,
and the Marquis dealt him such wounds that he died from
them.
Those of Chile were thus able to enter with a rush,
and Martin de Billar, with others, delivered blows on that
1 These gallant boys deserve more than a passing notice. Young
Vargas, son of Gomez de Tordoza, and cousin of Garcilaso de la
Vega, was of the noblest blood of Castille. One ancestor rode by the
side of St. Ferdinand at the taking of Seville, another sacrificed his
life to save his king at Aljubarrota, another defeated the gigantic
Moor in the famous duel on the Vega of Granada. The heroic page
of Pizarro was worthy of such ancestry.
Cardona sprung from equally heroic sterns. He was connected with
the Cordovas, Dukes of Sesa. die family of the Gran Capitan.
WAR OF CHUPAS 109
1 Herrera and others tell a story that Juan Rodriguez Barragan hit
the Marquis a blow with a silver jug full of water when he was on the
ground, which killed him. Prescott repeats this in a footnote, calling
Barragan "a soldier named Borregan." Helps writes: "Some base
fellow dashed a jug upon his prostrate face."
Juan Rodriguez Barragan was not a soldier, but one of the lawyers
in Almagro's pay. He was Almagro's procurator at the Judge Arbi-
trator's court when he pronounced the sentence at Mala, and Barragan
raised a protest. His son was certainly one of the murderers, but the
story of the jug is probably an invention. The son was hanged after
the battle of Chupas. The word barragan means a youth, same as
mancebo. Originally from Navarre, a branch of the family settled
at Baeza in Andalusia, whose arms were or, a tree vert, at its stem a
dead knight and two ravens sable, wings raised.
2 The Marquis Pizarro had by the Princess Inez Huayllas, daughter
of the great Inca Huayna Ccapac, two children, who are mentioned in
Captain who had never tired of discovering kingdoms and
conquering provinces, and who had grown old in the Royal
service. They would never have triumphed over the Mar-
quis, nor over his brother, if Francisco Martin had made
good his efforts in proportion to the valour he displayed.
At length, after having received many wounds, without a
sign of weakness or abatement of his brave spirit, the
Marquis fell dead upon the ground.1 He expired, calling
upon Christ our Lord. The body of this generous leader,
honoured by having been that of so famous a Spaniard
as he was, remained lifeless on the floor. His death took
place at eleven in the forenoon on the 26th of June in the
year of our redemption 1541. He governed, himself or
by his lieutenants, from the town of Plata to the city of
Cartago, which is 900 leagues and more. The Marquis
was not married. He had, by ladies of this Realm, three
sons and one daughter.2 His age was sixty-three years and
two months. A sign was beheld in heaven before he died.
This was that the moon, being full and bright, presently
seemed on fire, and changed colour, one half of it becoming
blood-red, and the other half black. Then there was seen
to dart from it certain shimmerings also the colour of blood.
Many saw this just as I have related it.
I IO
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
Beside the Marquis there were killed his half-brother
Francisco Martin de Alcantara, his two pages Vargas and
Cardona; while Gomez de Luna, Gonzalo Hernandez de
la Torre, Francisco de Vergara, and Hurtado were badly
wounded.1
Of the things which happened in Lima after the death of the Marquis
Don Francisco Pizarro.
/HPr HE Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro having been
J- killed in the manner we have related, the murderers
came out shouting, "The tyrant is dead!" All those of
the Almagro party who were mounted outside joined the
murderers, crying, " Long live the King!"—" Let the king-
dom have justice! " Great was the dismay, and sharp were
the pangs, which disturbed the mind of the secretary
his will as legitimate, Gonzalo, who died in the flower of his youth,
and Francisca, who went to Spain, years after her father's death, in
charge of her step-father Don Francisco de Ampuero. She was married
to her uncle, Hernando, when he was still a prisoner at Medina del
Campo. By him she had three sons and a daughter. Hernando
Pizarro was released after twenty-three years of captivity, and lived
for nineteen years afterwards in his native town of Truxillo. His great
grand-son* was created Marquis of the Conquest. The Marquis
Pizarro also had a son named Francisco, by the Princess Anas
(Angelina), sister of Atahualpa, who was a school-fellow of the Inca
Garcilaso de la Vega at Cuzco. He died young and unmarried.
1 Cieza de Leon omits Juan Ortiz de Zdrate who defended the door
at first, and was badly wounded, as he had just related. Torre and
Vergara were much alarmed, but had remained in the sala. Hurtado
was the servant wounded in the courtyard.
Francisca Pizarro Fernando Pizarro, ist Marques de la Conquista.
CHAPTER XXXII
#
Don Francisco, Marques Pizarro
Hernando Pizarro=pFrancisca
Francisco—Francisca Giron
Juan=^Maria de Bobadilla
WAR OF CHUPAS
1 I I
Antonio Picado, who had been occupied during the pre-
vious night in dancing and other youthful pastimes, when
he heard the uproar and knew of the murder of the Mar-
quis. Without thought or advice, but full of fear, he went
to the house of the Treasurer, xAlonso de Riquelme, and
hid behind the curtains of a bed. The lieutenant, Dr.
Juan Blazquez, had gone to hide in the monastery of Santo
Domingo. A rumour was spread through the town that
the Marquis wanted to kill Don Diego, and when Gomez
de Alvarado (the brother of the Adelantado Don Pedro)
heard of it, he came to the plaza lance in hand. When he
heard the truth, he began to detest what had been done,
saying that they had murdered a very valiant man. While
he and the Governor, Francisco de Barrionuevo, were say-
ing this, Juan de Herrada came to them. When Gomez de
Alvarado saw him, he said: " Does this appear good to you,
that you are doing, and have done?" Juan de Herrada
answered : " Yesterday you spoke differently." Gomez de
Alvarado said: "That is not so." Juan de Herrada turned
to reply and said: " You are my father, and you have to
bear more than this with patience;" and, in a great rage,
ordered him to go into the church. Some of the men of
Chile wanted to drag the body of the Marquis out, and
set it on the gibbet. They were persuaded from this by
the Bishop of Quito and others.
Juan de Barbaran,1 with his wife, and the secretary
Pero Gomez,2 a native of Llerena, wrapped the body of the
Marquis in a white cloth, and hurriedly conveyed it into
the church, where, as best they could, they dug a hole into
which they put it.3
'■ A very faithful attendant of the Marquis. He was with Pizarro at
Cajamarca, and was one of the twelve who rode with him to Mala.
He avenged his master's murder at the battle of Chupas.
: One of Cieza de Leon's authorities. They were natives of the
same town.
3 After the murderers had departed from Lima, the body was placed
112
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
Don Diego came, with all the principal men of his party,
and established himself in the houses of the Marquis, his
friends and adherents making a great thing of what they
had done, and saying that Don Diego and no other ought
to be Governor, and that the King would hold it for good.
This being done, the Chile party collected all the arms,
horses, and arquebuses there were in the city, committing
some outrages and atrocities such as usually happen in
such calamitous times. From Diego Gavilan, the con-
quistador? it is said that they took more than 14,000 pesos
in gold, of which he afterwards recovered a small part.
They robbed the houses of the Marquis, of his brother
Francisco Martin, and of Picado. At the time of the mur-
der of the Marquis there were on a visit Francisco de
Godoy, Diego de Agliero, Jeronimo de Aliaga, Rodrigo de
Mazuelos, Diego Gavilan, Rivera and others. Hearing the
tumult, they had begun to arm themselves in his defence,
but when they were ready it was too late, and their help
was of no avail. There was great indignation in the city;
in a coffin, and deposited in the sacristy of the old church (called
"Los A'aranjos") until the cathedral was completed. In 1607 the
bodies of the Marquis Pizarro and of the Viceroy Don Antonio de
Mendoza were, by order of the king, placed under a vault behind the
high altar of the cathedral. The coffin of the Marquis was covered
with purple velvet embroidered in gold.
On June 28th, 1S91, the Municipality of Lima erected a new tomb.
The body is in a coffin with glass sides, and surmounted by a cross.
On the pedestal there is the following inscription:
CAPTAIN GENERAL
DON FRANCISCO PIZARRO
Founder of Lima
on the 18th of January 1535
died 28th of June 1541
His remains were deposited in this urn
on the 29th of June 1891
by order of the Provincial Council of Lima
and through the initiative of
the Alcalde Dr. Juan de Roverech
• That is, he was with Pizarro at Cajamarca, where he received
181 marcs of silver, and 3884 pesos of gold from Atahualpa's ransom.
He settled at Cuzco.
WAR OF CHUPAS I 13
I
yet, although many regretted the death of the Marquis,
they did not dare to show their feelings, holding for certain
that the evil would become worse. The Captain Juan de
Sayavedra 1 was absent from the Almagrist consultations,
but showed concern rather, after he knew of the death of
the Marquis, and retired to his house with some friends, to
support Diego Ortiz de Guzman. Don Baltasar de Castilla
presently went to Don Diego and continued to serve him
from that time until he was defeated at Chupas. Juan de
Herrada, Garcia de Alvarado, Francisco de Chaves, and
others came to an agreement as to what should be done,
and decided to arrest the citizens. After they had taken
their horses and arms, they made prisoners of the licentiate
Benito Suarez de Caravajal, the. factor Illan Suarez de
Caravajal his brother, the Captain Diego de Agiiero,
Jeronimo de Aliaga, Rodrigo de Mazuelos, and Diego
Gavilan, with some others; and they took them to the
church, where Gomez de Alvarado was already.
As the tumult in the city was great and all were going
about in much perturbation, the friars of the monastery
of Our Lady, of Mercy, thinking that the men of Chile
would proceed to yet greater violence, carried forth the
holy sacrament, our true God, so that, out of proper rever-
ence, they would refrain from further murders and rob-
beries. Captain Francisco de Chaves,2 chancing to pass
along the street, did a thing so foul and so un-Christian
that I am surprised the Devil did not carry him off
straight to hell. It was- that, when he saw the friars come
out with the Corpus Domini, he exclaimed, giving a shrug,
without making any obeisance or salute to the Majesty,
but with great disdain and little fear of the Deity, and
contempt for the clergy: "Go back into the church)
Fathers ; there is nothing for you to come out about."
1 One of Almagro's old captains. 2 The bad one.
I 14 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
When the}- had taken all the arms, imprisoned persons
they suspected, and put guards over them, Don Diego and
all his captains retired to their lodgings. Captain Cristobal
de Sotelo then went to Don Diego, astonished at learning
that the Marquis had been slain with so little opposition.
He wished that his party had waited until the arrival of
the Judge, for such had always been his advice.
CHAPTER XXXIII
Of the things that were done by the Chile party, and how they accepted
Don Diego as Governor, also of the arrest of Antonio Picado, and
hoiv the Licentiate Rodrigo Niño and Orihnela came from Spain.
HAVING imprisoned the principal citizens of Lima,
got possession of the city, and seized all the arms and
horses, the party resolved that Don Diego should be recog-
nized as Governor. The news of the death of the Marquis
was soon spread over all the districts, and reached the
ears of the Indians. When it became generally known it
was deeply mourned. The Indians said that the Christians
had been very cruel to kill their captain, and that his death
would give rise to grave evils. Never again would there be
any one to shelter and protect them like him who was the
first to discover and conquer them. They say that the battle
of Chupas and its result was then foretold by the Indians.
It appeared to Juan de Herrada and his friends that it
was a certain thing that the municipality must receive
Don Diego1 as its Governor; in order that justice might
1 Cieza de Leon always calls the half-caste son of the Adelantado
Don Diego de Almagro by the name ' Don Diego.' Others call him
Almagro the lad (el mozd). He was born at Panama, the son of
Almagro by an Indian woman of Panama who was his servant, and
called Ana Martinez. He was probably born in 1518. Francisco
Martin de Alcantara, the half brother of the Marquis, brought the
half-caste boy to Peru in 1535, when his age was seventeen, and
WAR OF CHUPAS I I 5
be maintained in the Realm until the rightful vengeance he
had taken for the death of his father should be known to
his Majesty, when the government would be granted to him.
Fearing that the prisoners were not secure in the church,
more guards were placed over them. The conspirators
ordered the magistrates and municipal officers to assemble
and elect Don Diego as Governor. The authorities, when
they knew the intention of Don Diego and Juan de
Herrada, considered that, although it was a great fault,
still the lesser evil would be to accept the lad as Governor.
It is said that among themselves they resented the force
that was put upon them, and that Rodrigo de Mazuelos
spoke very openly, at a meeting, against Don Diego. They
proposed, however, to accept him in association with the
treasurer Alonso de Riquelme. While the men of Chile
were thinking that over, Antonio de Garay said that he
did not hold that Don Diego was so ignorant as to need
another to help him in governing. Finally Don Diego was
accepted as Governor, and they took the wands from the
ordinary magistrates, and gave them to Peces and Martin
Carrillo. Cristobal de Sotelo was made Lieutenant Gov-
ernor; but Juan de Herrada was the man who governed
Don Diego, and directed him in what he had to do.
Up to this time the secretary Antonio Picado had not
been captured; but now the conspirators went to the
house of the treasurer Alonso de Riquelme, where they
already knew he was. Searching the house, it is said that
the treasurer told them, when they asked him where the
treated him as one of his family, in his house at Lima. Later he was
sent to Cuzco to meet his father returning from Chile. He was with
his father until the battle of Las Salinas. It was then decided to send
him to Lima under the care of Gomez de Alvarado and Juan de
Herrada. At Jauja they met the Marquis Pizarro, who treated the lad
as his own son, and ordered him to be well cared for, and lodged in his
house. This continued for a long time. But such crowds of discon-
tented Almagrists were always coming there, that at last the Marquis
sent the lad to another lodging in Lima.
u6
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
secretary was, that he did not know and had not seen him.
At the same time he cast his glance in a certain direction,
telling them by that sign that they would find him under
the bed; where they took him. As he might know where
the treasure of the Marquis was, and the documents, they
agreed to treat him well, so that, thinking they were not
going to kill him, he would divulge. They took him to the
house of Don Diego, who was now called Governor.
At this time a gentleman named the licentiate Rodrigo
Niño, a native of Toledo, arrived from Spain. He and one
Francisco de Orihuela came to find the Marquis, Orihuela
bringing despatches and the licentiate to be an advocate
in the residencia. Just then, too, a trumpeter who had been
in the service of the Marquis was killed. They also ar-
rested Hurtado, whom they found in the house of the
Bishop Don Garci Diaz. They gave the officials, to be in-
ventoried, certain gold and jewels found in a closet of
the Marquis's house. A man left Lima and went to inform
Alonso de Cabrera, Chamberlain of the Marquis, of what
had occurred. Don Diego ordered all the papers and docu-
ments of the Marquis to be collected. Among other things
they found a will he had made before he died. Among
the papers there were letters from the Comendador Mayor,
Don Francisco de los Cobos, and from Dr. Beltran, and the
Cardinal, and other Grandees of Spain favourable to the
Marquis.
It seemed well that news of the death of the Marquis
should be sent to Cuzco, to Gabriel de Rojas and other
friends of Don Diego's father, that they might be aware of
it, and it is said that an appointment as Lieutenant was
sent to Gabriel de Rojas. There was a very diligent man in
Lima named Juan Diente, who was ordered to go to Cuzco
with the news. He went all that way on foot in five
days, a thing that seems almost incredible. But many
witnesses are yet alive who know to be true what I here
WAR OF CHUPAS II/
CHAPTER XXXIV
How Don Diego de Almagro, having tyrannically occupied the city of
Lima, sent messengers to other cities of the Realm, requiring them
to recognize him as Governor.
DON DIEGO had got possession of the city of Lima,
and had been accepted there as Governor. Next, by
the advice of Juan de Herrada, Cristobal de Sotelo, Fran-
cisco de Chaves, and the rest, he resolved to attempt to
gain the support of the inhabitants of the city, and of
other cities, by soft words. Letters were prepared and
messengers despatched to all the cities of the Realm, but
chiefly to Alonso de Alvarado, who was lieutenant for the
Marquis in the city of La Frontera, which is a settlement
in the Chachapoyas, stating politely that Don Diego would
value his friendship, and desired him to be his lieutenant in
the city of which he had charge. This letter was sent off
at once. Garcia de Alvarado, at Don Diego's request, then
went to speak with Gomez de Alvarado, hoping to per-
suade him to remember the friendship he had of old for
Don Diego's father, and not to go against the son nor even
remain neutral. Gomez de Alvarado thereupon went to
speak with Don Diego, whom everybody was calling
Governor, and to offer his support as from the first. A
1 Juan Diente was in the conspiracy, though not one of the actual
murderers. For this he was hanged at Guamanga, after the battle of
Chupas. He ought to have been let off in consideration of his fine
pedestrianism !
affirm, that Juan Diente travelled the 120 leagues from
Lima to Cuzco in five days,1 over a road so rough and
wearisome, and in parts snow-covered as we have de-
scribed elsewhere. Some say, however, that Indians carried
him on their shoulders over the greater part in a hammock.
nS
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
messenger was also sent to Truxillo, and Diego de Mora,
who was lieutenant at that place, wrote very agreeably to
Don Diego, expressing satisfaction at what had been done.
Don Alonso de Montemayor came back when he heard
that the Judge had arrived at Buenaventura, and about
what had happened at Lima. Juan Balsa collected what
arms he could and some horses, to go and join Don Diego.
Alonso de Cabrera, who, we have said, was a servant of
the Marquis, was in Guaylas. When he heard of the death
of his master he was much grieved. He managed to get
together some Spaniards, intending to go forth and do
what damage he could to the men of Chile. W7hen this was
known in Lima, Juan de Herrada wrote to him to persuade
him to come to the city and take charge of the children of
the Marquis; but he, madly and without considering the
changes wrought by time, replied almost with menace,
which availed him nothing and only fired the anger of the
usurpers, who would have been glad to get Cabrera into
their power and kill him. Although they knew that Diego
de Mora had shown himself to be friendly to Don Diego,
they agreed, on the advice of Juan de Herrada and Cristo-
bal de Sotelo, to send Garcia de Alvarado to Truxillo
with fort)' horsemen, to do what was best for their party
in that city. Presently Garcia de Alvarado started, and
in a place called Tambo Blanco he met Luis Garcia
Samames, lord of the Conchucos Indians, who told him
not to go on, because Diego de Mora and everyone in
Truxillo had shown themselves to be his very good friends,
and would do whatever he might ask them so long as it
were not against the King's service. If Alvarado went
there, he said, it would afford an opening for dissension in
the city, and there would be trouble. Garcia de Alvarado,
thinking well of what Luis Garcia Samames had said to
him, returned to Lima. Meanwhile there was news that
Cabrera was collecting men. Garcia de Alvarado was
WAR OF CHUPAS
119
therefore ordered to embark in a galleon that was in the
port, with fifty horsemen and twenty arquebusiers, and go
and take Cabrera prisoner; and then to proceed along the
coast as far as the city of San Miguel. Garcia de Alvarado
obeyed this order, and sailed away on the route to Truxillo
with the force we have stated.
How Garcia de Alvarado left Lima and landed at Santa, captured
Cabrera, and went on until he arrived at San Miguel, and of
those he killed on the way; and how the captain Alonso de Alvarado
raised his standard for the king.
T T AVING arranged what he had to take with him, and
A. L embarked the men and horses in the galleon, Garcia
de Alvarado presently departed and arrived at Santa, and
landed. There he received news that Cabrera and some
others had come to that valley. The Indians had collected
provisions and fodder for the horses. It was true that
Cabrera and Barroso, with seven or eight others, had come
down to the coast valleys, intending to seek for the Licen-
tiate Vaca de Castro. Alvarado was adroit enough to
capture Cabrera, Barroso, Caceres, and three more. He
found from them that there were no others. There being
nothing more to do there, he went on with his prisoners to
Truxillo, taking great care lest there should be any mis-
chance. I got my information from soldiers who were with
him on that march. They assured me that he never laid
his arms aside nor wearied of any labour, but rather pitied
them in cheerful vein, and afforded an example himself
to those who served under him. Having arrived in the city
of Truxillo, although Diego de Mora had shown himself to
be very friendly to young Almagro, Garcia de Alvarado sus-
pected that the people of that city might rise against him
CHAPTER XXXV
I20
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
and kill him, in order to rid themselves of such un-
desirables. He therefore occupied the houses of the Mar-
quis with all the men he had brought with him. He did
not allow any damage to be done in the city, though he
himself seized the money of deceased persons which was
in trust, and some horses and arms. At Truxillo he ordered
the galleon to take the prisoners to the port of Payta,
while he marched by land to the city of San Miguel. Here
we will leave him, to tell the story of how the captain Alonso
de Alvarado heard of the death of the Marquis, which was
before the murderers had completed their damnable design.
Rumours of what the conspirators thought of doing be-
came bruited about, and a certain soldier at Lima who had
served under Alonso de Alvarado in the campaign of
Moyobamba learnt from them their intention. As there
was no reason why he should do any disservice to his
Majesty, nor count himself among the men of Chile's
party, this soldier set out to tell what he knew to Alonso
de Alvarado. In five days he reached Tenpuele, and a little
farther on he met a citizen of Guanuco named Juan de
Mora, and told him what was happening, and that the Chile
party had evil intentions against the Marquis. The soldier,
who was named Carrillo, pressed onwards until he reached
the city of La Frontera, where he found that Alonso de
Alvarado was absent, having gone to subdue a province in
the Chachapoyas. A few days afterwards the Marquis was
murdered, and the news soon reached Guanuco, where
Pedro Barroso was Lieutenant. He and the residents there
at once agreed to go and join Alonso de Alvarado, who was
in the Chachapoyas. Juan de Mora set out with prompti-
tude to carry him the news quickly. On the road he wrote
a letter, and sent it on by an a?iaco?ia,1 who was a great
1 Yana-cuna would mean "servants." Cuna is the plural particle.
There is no such word as anacona. It should be yana (without the
cuna).
WAR OF CHUPAS
121
runner, giving notice of what had happened. This Indian
arrived where the captain Alonso de Alvarado was, who
received the disastrous news and felt deep sorrow. Juan
de Mora, who was an inhabitant of the city of Guanuco,
arrived at Chachapoyas. As soon as the captain fully
understood the details of the murder of the Marquis, he
returned to the city of La Frontera and summoned the
magistrates. With their unanimous will and consent he was
accepted as Chief Justice and Captain-general for the King,
against whoever should dare to occupy the Realm without
the Royal will. Soon afterwards he raised the banner in
the King's name, and declared himself an enemy to the
men of Chile's party. Having done these things, the captain
called before him all the Caciques of the district, and spoke
to them in a very friendly way, saying that they now
knew of the murder of the Marquis by the men of Chile,
and that as they had always been kindly treated by him, he
begged them to post spies on all the roads, and to let him
know if any Spaniards approached, and not to fail in
vigilance. The Caciques answered that they would do all
that he required. When those who came from Guanuco
had arrived, and Alvarado was accepted by all as Captain,
he ordered them to be furnished with arms, and also that
pikes and lances should be made. Of silver and iron they
made corselets, helmets and visors, gauntlets, and all the
arms that were required; so that if the Chileans should
approach, they would find them read}'. And all was done
very willingly in obedience to the Captain Alonso de Al-
varado's directions.
Seeing the willingness of the people who were with him
to serve his Majesty, and their great zeal, and having had
news of the coming of the Licentiate Vaca de Castro, he
sent messengers to let the Judge know that he had raised the
banner for the King, and had assembled two hundred men,
well armed and provided, ready to serve his Majesty and
122
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
to punish the atrocious crime perpetrated at Lima by the
murder of the Marquis. Vaca de Castro was urged to hasten
his journey, and join the royal forces as soon as possible.
Some portion was stationed for defence against the enemy
amongst the great rugged mountains and many rivers, and
also to allow those who wished to come and serve their
King to do so without danger. Being so instructed, the
messenger, whose name was Pedro de Orduña, set out to
find Vaca de Castro. Having despatched this messenger,
Alvarado sent another one to Moyobamba. He was to call
upon captain Juan Perez de Guevara, who had gone to
settle certain Spaniards in those parts, to leave the new
settlement they were forming, for a time, and to come to
him, for the Realm had been thrown into great confusion
owing to the men of Chile having murdered the Marquis in
the city of Lima. Having heard this news, settlers came
from all parts to serve under the banner of the loyal cap-
tain. When Alonso de Alvarado saw how his force was
increasing, he resolved to send Iñigo Lopez Carillo, with
another soldier, with money to buy arms and horses at
Truxillo secretly, through the help of friends he had in that
city. These two travelled with much haste, and arrived at
Truxillo, placing Indians at intervals along the route so
as to be able to send back any communications that might
be necessary. Having arrived near the city, they left the
Chachapoya Indians they brought with them, secreted,
and went themselves to the monastery of Our Lady of
Mercy. They gave the friars an account of their mission,
and presented letters from Don Alonso de Alvarado. The
friars very cunningly bought some breast-plates and coats
of mail and other arms at the city of La Frontera, as well
as iron for making more, spending a large sum of money
at Alvarado's expense. After the arms had been purchased
and were got in readiness, they were removed at night by
means of the Chachapoya Indians, and the envoys set out
WAR OF CHUPAS I 23
1 In the Chachapoyas province.
for where Alvarado was stationed, leaving letters to the
municipality and other bodies and principal people of
Truxillo, urging them to eschew friendship with Don Diego,
who, on a plea of avenging his father's death, had seized
the government with great tyranny; and to join forces
with himself, for when Vaca de Castro should arrive he
would punish Don Diego. At this time Villafranca was
lieutenant for Almagro at Truxillo, and he received news
of how the captain Alonso de Alvarado had raised the
banner for the King.
All this that we have related happened before Garcia de
Alvarado came to Truxillo. When the coming of Carrillo
and the carrying off of the arms came to his knowledge he
was greatly vexed, and sent some of his horsemen in pur-
suit, but they could not overtake Carrillo and his Indians.
CHAPTER XXXVI
Hoiv Don Diego de Almagro wrote to Captain Alonso de Alvarado,
without knowing that he had raised the banner, and how he sent
him an appointment as Lieutenant; and 0/ the death of Orihuela.
WE have already related that Don Diego, by the
advice of Juan de Herrada and Cristobal de Sotelo,
determined to write to the captain Alonso de Alvarado at
the city of La FYontera,1 where he was lieutenant for the
Marquis. He wrote a very polite letter, apprising him of
the death of the Marquis and of how the municipality of
the city of Lima had acknowledged him, Don Diego, as
Governor, and that all the other cities and towns in the
Realm had done the same. He appealed to Don Alonso,
as a knight who would understand the motive for avenging
the death of his father, not to side against him. He asked
him to show friendship and to retain from him the
124
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
appointment he had held from the Marquis, which he now
sent, desiring to increase his honour and estate. With this
letter he sent him a commission as captain and Governor's
lieutenant in that city. And to make sure that Don Alonso
should accept the commission without wavering they com-
pelled the secretary Antonio Picado, who was their
prisoner, and whom they knew to be a fast friend of
Alvarado's, to write him a letter in his own style ex-
plaining that Don Diego had acquiesced in the murder of
the Marquis because of the ingratitude he had shown to-
wards Almagro his father, and the cruelty with which he
had treated his partisans; adding that, since all the lieu-
tenants and captains of the Marquis had obeyed and com-
plied with the demands of Don Diego, Alvarado should do
the same. By refusing he would be doing great disservice
to God and to his Majesty, and injury to the natives. With
these letters Juan de Herrada wrote another saying almost
the same thing. These letters were sent to the city of La
Frontera, but when Alonso de Alvarado saw them he
became very angry, and replied in terms relating to the
crime they had committed, and not to the soft words they
had written.
In Lima there began to be troubles among the men of
Chile themselves. They took the Doctor Juan Blazquez,
who had withdrawn to the convent of Santo Domingo, and
kept him a prisoner in the house of Antonio Picado, where
he was for several days. The Bishop Friar Vicente de
Valverde came from Cuzco very depressed on hearing of
the death of the Marquis and finding that his brother the
doctor was a prisoner, for he feared that those of Chile would
kill him. There was a little vessel lying in the port, and,
pretending he was going out hunting, he got on board with
his brother Dr. Blazquez, and some other persons, and put
to sea with the intention of going to seek for the President
Vaca de Castro. But at the island of Puna the natives
WAR OF CHUPAS
came out and killed the bishop, the doctor, and sixteen
other Spaniards. Twenty Spaniards also left the coast to
go trading to Quito, with much merchandise; and a Cacique
named Chaparra attacked them in the region of Carro-
chamba, killed them all without leaving one, and took all
the merchandise. To return to Garcia de Alvarado. He
left the city of Truxillo to go to San Miguel. In the
valley of Jayanca he left all his party except twenty horse-
men, and with these he went on to San Miguel. There he
established the government for Almagro, seized the gold of
deceased persons and all the horses and arms that were
to be had, and arrested the licentiate Leon because he
suspected him. Several days had passed since Alonso de
Alvarado had raised the banner for the King, and it had
become known throughout the Realm. Great was the
perturbation among the men of Chile, for, as Alvarado's
authority was widespread, they deplored his being against
them. Garcia de Alvarado had made prisoners of Cabrera,
Villegas, Vozmediano, and others, who had been raising
opposition by means of letters to all parts. So, in order to
put fear into the rest, or for some other reason, Juan de
Herrada wrote to Garcia de Alvarado, ordering him to kill
these men at once. As soon as Garcia de Alvarado had seen
the letter he sent to Payta for the prisoners, and cut off
their heads at San Miguel, as the crier proclaimed, " for
being mutineers." Orihuela, the same who had arrived
from Spain with despatches for the Marquis, not taking
heed that it was no time for plain speaking, went to the
residence of Don Diego, and used some strong language
which the men of that party did not like. So Juan de
Herrada went to Orihuela's lodging and arrested him, and
next morning they took him to the gibbet and cut off his
head as a mutineer. Before he died he declared that he
was not under Don Diego's jurisdiction. Why, then, did
they put him to death, if it was not for a letter he wrote
126
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
some days before to the chamberlain Alonso de Cabrera,
saying that he was an envoy from Spain and that he would
bear himself as a courageous man in seeing the death of the
Marquis avenged? When they were about to kill him he
cried with a loud voice that they should mind that he was
employed by the Crown, thinking that on that account pera-
adventure they might spare his life.
After this was done Don Diego and Juan de Herrada
brought all their ingenuity to bear to find out where the
treasure was which the Marquis had possessed. Sometimes
they asked Antonio Picado, with blandishments, to tell
them; and when that was of no use, they put him into a
great fright by threatening to compel him by applying the
torture.
CHAPTER XXXVII
How Do?i Pedro Puertocarrero would not be a Lieutenant for Alma-
gro, and how he and Gomez de Tordoya and some others quitted the
city of Cuzco, also how some were grieved when they heard of the
death of the Marquis.
IHAVE already related how Don Diego sent that man
named Juan Diente, so famous for his fleetness of foot,
to the city of Cuzco, with letters for the Captain Gabriel de
Rojas, and other old friends of his father, and also sent to
Don Pedro Puertocarrero offering him the office of lieu-
tenant in his own name. He also sent an alternative com-
mission in blank, so that if none of those should wish to
take the appointment someone else might be chosen. When
Juan Diente passed by Guamanga, Vasco de Guevara was
there as lieutenant. He brought letters to him also, to be
its new Governor, trusting to the friendship he had for
Don Diego's father, one of whose captains he had been at
Las Salinas. There was some trouble at Guamanga, for
although some rejoiced at what had happened, others very
WAR OF CHUPAS
127
deeply deplored it. Finally Guevara was accepted by the
municipality as Governor. Juan Diente then went on to
Cuzco, which city he entered at night, going direct to the
monastery of Our Lady of Mercy. From thence he de-
livered his letters to the persons they were for, and three or
four days elapsed before any news was made public. °
Before this the licentiate de la Gama. with most of the
other residents, had left the city to go to the Collao to
prevent the Captain Pero Alvarez and the Spaniards who
had gone with him on an expedition into the country of the
Chunchos from doing any injury to the natives, so that
there were very few citizens left in Cuzco; but there were
over eighty men there who had served under the Adel-
antado Almagro at the battle of Las Salinas, and when they
heard the news they were very glad and contented, and
exchanged congratulations with each other.
All this time Gabriel de Rojas was in his house waiting to
see whether Don Pedro Puertocarrero would accept the
wand of office from Don Diego. Presently the Comendador
of Our Lady of Mercy came out into the square with
another friar; for in this Realm there is a great grievance,
which is that friars are the promoters of wars. These and
over seventy men at arms cried out that they should go to
the town hall and approve the assumption of office by the
new Governor. While they were in the square, one Melchor
Hernandez, a native of Truxillo, went to the house of Don
Pedro and told him what was taking place. In some per-
turbation Don Pedro got up, and taking his arms went to
the plaza, first asking Hernandez what he knew. He told
him what was going on, and about the murder of the Mar-
quis. When Don Pedro came to the plaza the Comendador
of Our Lady of Mercy told him that he ought to accept
Don Diego as Governor. Pedro de Puertocarrero proceeded
to the hall where the municipal councillors usually met,
where Diego de Silva and Francisco de Caravajal, alcaldes,
128
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
Hernando Bachicao and Tomas Blazquez, magistrates, were
assembled, no others being in the city. Don Pedro de
Puertocarrero, much upset, said to them that they knew
intelligence had come of the death of the Marquis, and
that he was thereby divested of authority to act as his
lieutenant. They must, therefore, take over the wand of
office from him, and give it to whom they might select.
After those present had made some remarks and had asked
Don Pedro to resume the wand, which he, however, de-
clined, Francisco de Caravajal said let him leave it, and why
was he so timorous? for that Julius Caesar was a greater
lord, yet was killed in his palace. There was some further
discussion, but the magistrates and alcaldes, did not agree in
naming any one to be the new lieutenant. The party of
Chile shouted out asking what they were doing, and why
did they not accept Don Diego as Governor? Then the
municipality, either because the)' could do nothing else or
because they were afraid, or from some other cause suffi-
cient unto themselves, accepted Don Diego as Governor,
and appointed Gabriel de Rojas to be his lieutenant.
Gomez de Tordoya and Juan Velez had gone out hunting
that day, and were not in the city; neither was Diego de
Maldonado, nor the other citizens who might have opposed
the tyranny of Almagro. The Indians who lived in Cuzco
and the neighbourhood were deeply affected when they
heard of the death of the Marquis and of these doings, and
a very great tumult arose in the city. Gomez de Tordoya
and Juan Velez came back from hunting, and passed along
where Don Pedro Puertocarrero was. They heard from
him of the death of the Marquis,1 and that Don Diego
had been accepted as Governor and Gabriel de Rojas as
his lieutenant. When Gdmez de Tordoya heard the news
1 We are not told whether Gomez de Tordoya then heard of the
heroic death of his young son, who was Pizarro's page.
WAR OF CHUPAS I 29
he was deeply grieved. They say that he went fully armed
to where the municipal council had been held, and said
that the murder of the Marquis was a gross treason, and
that God would punish the traitors as they deserved for so
great a crime. Those of the Almagro party who were in
Cuzco showed themselves well content at what had hap-
pened, and thought that the King, our Lord, would pardon
Don Diego for the murder of the Marquis, and give him
the government of New Toledo which had been granted to
his father. Gomez de Tordoya and Juan Velez de Guevara,
fearing lest the men of Chile should arrest them, agreed to
flee that night. Don Pedro Puertocarrero might have done
the same, but he preferred to wait and see if he could take
with him the few citizens who remained. Gomez de Tor-
doya and Juan Velez took the royal road towards Colla-
suya, and arrived at Chuqui-apu,1 where they found the
citizens of Cuzco who had gone away with the licentiate
de La Gama to put Pero Alvarez outside the boundaries.
When they heard of the death of the Marquis great was
the sorrow they felt, remembering how he had served his
Majesty for sixteen years, exploring and opening up the
kingdom, and now in his old age, ever occupied with
laborious work without any rest, he had been murdered by
these men of Chile. They felt so deeply the murder of
their captain that they could not restrain their feelings. The
tears which fell from their eyes were sure signs of the love
they felt for their murdered captain.
Don Pedro was kept a prisoner in his house at Cuzco.
He had sent to warn the remaining citizens—namely, to
Diego de Silva, Francisco de Caravajal, Tomas Vazquez,
Francisco Sanchez, and Diego de Gumiel—to flee from
Cuzco. But the men of Chile arrested two of them, and
took care that the rest should not escape. Pedro de los
1 La Paz.
K
130 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
CHAPTER XXXVIII
How Gomez de Tordoya and other citizens of Cuzco agreed to send
messengers to the captain Pero A Ivarez Holguin that, on knowing
of the death of the Marquis, he should raise the banner for the
King.
IAM weary of trying to comprehend the events which
happened in the Realm at this time, because it was
proper to narrate what passed in Lima, and the steps taken
by Vaca de Castro. God is my witness to the vigils I have
kept and the little ease I have enjoyed. I only want one
reward, and that is that the reader will look upon me as a
friend, and bear in mind the many journeys I have made to
investigate the notable events In these Realms. And as
the labour of composing these writings is so great, I am
already tired and sincerely wish to get to the end of it.
But there! we must return to our story. Pero Alvarez
Holguin had come with a commission from the Marquis
to invade the country of the Chunchos from which Pero
Ri'os was outside the city, and when about to return home
he was told what was going on. So he waited until night,
and then went to his own house. Don Pedro de Puerto-
carrero got word of his coming, and they consulted together
and agreed to leave the city; and though several Chile men
were charged to watch him he got away from his house,
with his horses and a servant who called himself Benavides.
Being joined by Pedro de los Rios they followed for more
than a league down the bed of the stream which flows
through Cuzco, when they left it and took the track that
seemed most likely to lead them after Gomez de Tordoya,
with whom Captain Castro, Francisco de Villacastin, Je-
ronimo de Sorio, Gonzalo de los Nidos, and others, had
already joined company.
WAR OF CHUPAS I 3 I
Anzures had returned unsuccessful. Some say that, be-
fore he started from Lima, he had spoken to the men of
Chile and advised them to kill the Marquis and avenge
the death of Don Diego de Almagro the elder, and that,
when he arrived at Cuzco, several people heard him say
that the Marquis was going to be killed. This is not known
for certain, being merely what was rumoured. I do not
believe that Holguin stated anything like that. But they
say that he did not seem to go off very well pleased with
the Marquis.
Gomez de Tordoya, Gonzalo de los Nidos, Villacastin,
and the other citizens and knights who had gathered to-
gether, considered what they should do that the result
might turn out prosperous, and that his Majesty might be
duly served. The licentiate de La Gama and Captain
Castro, with others who had started with Pero Alvarez
Holguin, said that as he had not yet entered the region he
was making for, they determined, as good and loyal vassals
and servants of his Majesty, to take a very decisive step.
This was to write to Pero Alvarez that, as the Marquis
was dead, and the murderers had got possession of the
Realm and held it, he, being so good a servant of the
king, should abandon the enterprise he had undertaken and
join them with the men he had with him; and that they
would recognize him as Captain-general, and raise the
banner of his Majesty. He could then prevent the Chile
part)- from doing any harm, and march to join the licen-
tiate Vaca de Castro who, as they all knew, was coming
as Judge of residencia. They urged Pero Alvarez not to
refuse what they now proposed, because fortune appeared
favourable, and in addition to honour and everlasting
fame, he would acquire a great reward in the Realm.
They added that he should know the city of Cuzco favoured
Don Diego, and that Gabriel de Rojas was there as his
Lieutenant.
132 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
Having written this, and while they were all in a village
of the Collao called Ayavire, Martin de Almendras arrived
there, on his way from the town of La Plata. They
agreed to send him to Pero Alvarez with the news, and
Almendras promised to go with all diligence. He started
in a litter, accompanied by many Indians, and travelled so
fast that in one day and one night he covered 37 leagues.
For Indians came in relays from all parts to carry the
litter or hammock in which he made the journey. Travel-
ling at this speed Almendras arrived at a village called
CJiuquito where he found some soldiers of Pero Alvarez,
left there to await news of whether the Marquis had dis-
missed him from the command or made any other pro-
vision to his detriment. His suspicion must have arisen
from having had some conversations with the men of Chile
at Lima, and he thought that if this came to the ears of
the Marquis he would deprive him of his command. Those
who were thus left were a knight, native of Caceres, named
Sancho Perero, a veteran in these Realms who had served
his Majesty, and Hernando de Rivera, with two or three
others. When Almendras arrived where they were, they
asked him what was the news, and why he came in such
a hurry. He answered very sadly that they would soon
know, and then went to rest, to be ready to start again.
Sancho Perero, and the others when they heard those
words that "they would soon know what was coming," be-
lieved that the Marquis was sending a new order to Pero
Alvarez countermanding the enterprise. So they deter-
mined to seize the despatch or letters that Almendras was
carrying. They went straight to where he was, held a
dagger at his breast, and said that if he did not give up
the letters they would kill him. Seeing himself in this
difficulty, Almendras said that there was no reason in what
they were doing, for that they might know that what he
came for was to advise Captain Pero Alvarez of the death
WAR OF CHUPAS
133
of the Marquis. Having said this he related to them all
that was happening, and how he had been slain by the
men of Chile ; and they were very deeply affected.
Sancho Perero told Almendras to stay there, as he must
be tired by his journey, and that he would go to Pero
Alvarez with the news. Martin de Almendras replied that
he was content with that arrangement; but presently he
started in his hammock and travelled until he came to the
province of Chuqui-apu, where he caught up the captain
Pero Alvarez. When that officer heard the news he was
moved by it, but gladly accepted the appointment that
was offered him, and declared that he would either avenge
the murder of the Marquis or die in the attempt. Gomez
de Tordoya came along with those who were flocking to
where Pero Alvarez was, and when he arrived at Chuquito
he had got together twenty-five Spaniards. There it was
agreed amongst them to send another messenger to Pero
Alvarez, and that Captain Castro should be the man ; for
celerity, in times like these, was a great help towards a
prosperous ending. So Castro went off at once and pro-
ceeded until he met Pero Alvarez, who at the first news
had raised the banner of the King against the tyranny of
Almagro. He entrusted the banner to Martin de Robles,
and went on in advance with such as were mounted to form
a junction with Gomez de Tordoya and the others who
were at Chuquito. They all showed great joy at the meet-
ing. Don Pedro Puertocarrero and Pedro de los Rios
had left Cuzco with the idea of reaching the town of
La Plata, and there joining Pero Anzures. But when they
heard of the assembling of troops in the Collao they re-
paired thither and joined Pero Alvarez and the citizens of
Cuzco. It was then decided to return to that city, and have
Pero Alvarez declared Captain-General in the name of his
Majesty, to punish the tyranny of the men of Chile and
their usurpation of the Realm.
134
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
CHAPTER XXXIX
How Pero Alvarez Holguin was received as Captain-General against
the party of Chile, and how Gdmez de Tordoya was appointed
Camp Master, and how they entered the city of Cuzco.
V FTER Pero Alvarez Holguin had been fully informed
JT\- of the events that had occurred in the Realm, and
that Gabriel de Rojas was Lieutenant to Almagro in Cuzco,
it was agreed that the next step should be to return to that
city, and arrest Gabriel de Rojas and the others whom they
might find there obeying the call of the men of Chile.
With this understanding they got ready to depart. But
first they all accepted Pero Alvarez Holguin as their
General; and he appointed Gdmez de Tordoya as his Camp
Master, confirmed Martin de Robles as Ensign-general,
and named Castro to be Captain of the Arquebusiers.
Having made these arrangements General Pero Alvarez
immediately wrote to Captain Pedro Anzures, who had been
Lieutenant to the Marquis Pizarro in the town of La Plata,
giving that officer to know that he, Pero Alvarez, had
been named General to act against the party of Chile, see-
ing that the disservice that had been done to his Majesty
by the outrageous murder of the Marquis was very great.
As every knight is bound to show his valour in such times,
Don Pedro Anzures was called upon to assemble all the
men possible, and join Pero Alvarez Holguin in the city
of Cuzco, whither the latter intended to go to collect others.
Sancho Perero was sent to La Plata on this embassy.
Holguin, with those who were with him, determined to
march to Cuzco and enter the city without being expected.
Pie had collected fifty horsemen. Those on foot were
ordered by Pero Alvarez to follow without much hurry,
until they should reach Cuzco, where endeavour would be
WAR OF CHUPAS 135
made to provide horses for all. He himself, with the fifty
horsemen I have mentioned, set out for Cuzco, where
Gabriel de Rojas was still Lieutenant for young Almagro.
Some of the men of Chile went to Lima with the news
that the citizens of Cuzco had sent for Pero Alvarez to
come and be made their leader. No small perturbation was
caused by their tidings, and by the news of the proceed-
ings of Alonso de Alvarado as we shall show further on.
At Cuzco they had news of the gathering of men at
Chuquito, and of how Pero Alvarez had turned back
from the Chuncho expedition. Gabriel de Rojas placed
^pies on the road to find out whether Pero Alvarez was
coming or not, and what they had decided to do. Pero
Alvarez, and his Master of the Camp, Gomez de Tordoya,
marched on to reach Cuzco with all possible speed. Al-
though the city was warned of their coming, no resistance
was offered; on the contrary, they were written to to enter
peacefully, for that Gabriel de Rojas had his appointment
in the King's name, and not from any tyrant whatsoever,
and that all were against Don Diego and the party of
Chile. The municipality wrote these and other things to
Pero Alvarez. Some fled when it was known that Pero
Alvarez was coming, that is, those who had been with
the Adelantado at Las Salinas. Pero Alvarez and his
followers entered the city, making all the noise they could,
to lead people to think they were numerous, but without
doing violence to or insulting those who were within.
Pero Alvarez ordered the municipal officers to meet in
Council, with the alcaldes and magistrates, and he was
accepted by them as Captain-General in the name of his
Majesty. This acceptance was made unwillingly by the
municipality because the members of it preferred Gabriel
de Rojas. But Pero Alvarez caused the meeting place to
be surrounded, and finally they accepted him. The magis-
trates and alcaldes asked for the accustomed fees, which
136
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
he would not give, and they were not powerful enough
to enforce their claim. Presently, at the sound of trum-
pets, the act of assumption of office was proclaimed. All
the other citizens and inhabitants of the city approved
the appointment of Pero Alvarez, and showed themselves
glad, because he inspired great hopes, and they shouted
through the city, with loud voices, " Long live the King"!
When it became known that more than sixty Spaniards
had quitted Cuzco, Captain Castro was ordered to follow
and arrest them. And there went out with him—
Juan Alonso Palomino Hernando Bachicao
Lope Martin Tomas Vazquez
Jeronimo de Soria Guillada
Diego Manuel Cerdan
and four others. They travelled with such speed that they
overtook the fugitives and after meeting with some resist-
ance captured more than forty of them. As it was night
time the rest escaped, Captain Castro returning to the city
with his prisoners. When Pero Alvarez heard what had
occurred, he ordered them to be released and to be allowed
to go where they liked, not being treated as prisoners.
Don Diego had also been received as Governor at Are-
quipa. But as Pero Alvarez was now acknowledged as
Captain-general in the large city of Cuzco, while waiting
for the captain Pedro Anzures de Campo Redondo to come
from the town of La Plata and join him, he sent his Ser-
jeant-major, Francisco Sanchez, to Arequipa, to persuade
the citizens there to range themselves in the service of the
King, for they must know clearly that Don Diego had
assumed the government tyrannically and without the royal
authority of His Majesty. Sanchez was also ordered to busy
himself in collecting arms and men. There had arrived
just then at the port of Arequipa one ship out of three or
four that left Spain at the cost of the Bishop of Plasencia to
WAR OF CHUPAS I 3/
CHAPTER XL
How the Licentiate Vaca de Castro arrived at the port of Buena-
ventura, and went from thence, with much difficulty, to the city of
Cali, where the Adelantado Don Sebastian de Belalcazar, Governor
for his Majesty, was staying; and of what he did there.
IT is necessary that we should now talk a little about
the licentiate Vaca de Castro, for hitherto the narrative
has not given him his proper place. Leaving for the time
the story of events which took place in the cities of Lima
and Cuzco we will observe that Vaca de Castro had found
out where the port of Buenaventura la)*, and ascertained
that the road to the city of Cali, where the Adelantado
Sebastian de Belalcazar then tarried was very difficult.2
1 See Hakluyt Society's vol., Series II, vol. xxviii, p. 159, for the ex-
pedition of the Bishop of Plasencia. It consisted of three small vessels
commanded by Don Alonso de Camargo, and left Spain in August
1 539. Camargo lost his own ship at the entrance of the first Narrows,
in the Strait of Magellan. The second ship returned. Camargo went
on in the third ship. He reached Valparaiso, put in at Quilca, the
port of Arequipa, and finally reached Callao, the first ship that ever
gained the west coast of South America by the Strait. Camargo
settled at La Plata (Chuquisaca) and was put to death by Carbaja!.
2 Sebastian de Belalcazar. after exploring Popayan and Cali. and
founding the cities, had gone to Spain to obtain a grant as Governor.
Pascual de Andagoya, an original citizen of Panama, was in Spain in
1538, and received a grant on the Pacific coast from the Gulf of San
Miguel to the river San Juan, with the title of Adelantado. He landed
at Buenaventura and marched to Cali and Popayan. These cities were
explore the Strait of Magallanes. The crews had suffered
great hardships, some of the vessels were wrecked, and the
captains died. Only this one ship of them all ever reached
a port in Peru, and brought a few Spaniards.1 Pero Alvarez
thought they might come and join him. Cristobal de
Hervas was then lieutenant in Arequipa, on behalf of
Don Diego. Presently Serjeant-major Francisco Sanchez
set out for Arequipa to do what we have said.
i38
CIVIL WARS OK PERU
And having sent Merlo forward to announce his coming and
the duty he was charged with in the Realm of Peru by his
Majesty, he also requested that Pascual de Andagoya might
be set at liberty. So Vaca de Castro arrived at that port
of Buenaventura, where he only found four or five men,
employed by the merchants who came from Tierra Firme.
Everyone believed that Vaca de Castro brought powers
with him which would be quite sufficient for any business
that might present itself anywhere he might wish to pass,
and so he himself said and announced.
Merlo, bearing the letter and authority of Vaca de Castro
that we have mentioned, made the journey to Cali, where
he gave the news to the Adelantado, who was on the point of
starting for the new city of Cartago. He said the licentiate
Vaca de Castro, President of the Royal Audience of
Panama, and Judge of Peru, had been driven by a storm
into the port of Buenaventura; and that from thence he
sent an order, in compliance with the petition of Don
Juan de Andagoya, son of the Adelantado Don Pascual de
Andagoya, that the latter was to be brought from Popayan,
where he was kept under arrest, to Cali, where the Judge
would soon arrive. He, Vaca de Castro, would hear the
statements of both Governors, and deliver judgment. Merlo
made known this order to the Adelantado Belalcazar who
wrote to Francisco Garcia de Tovar, his lieutenant at
Popayan, to bring Andagoya to Cali. Then Belalcazar,
knowing that Vaca de Castro was at the port of Buena-
ventura, and that he was in want of provisions, arranged
to send along the necessary food and Indians, to enable
him to travel. Belalcazar was about starting for the city oi
Cartago, to visit the regions discovered and conquered by
not in his jurisdiction, but he was justified in going there, in the
absence of Belalcdzar, owing to the disturbed state of the country.
Meanwhile Belalcazar had obtained the governorship he sought, with
the title of Adelantado. On finding Andagoya at Popayan. he had
thrown him into prison.
WAR OF CHUPAS I 39
the captain Jorge Robledo, but it appeared to him most
proper to wait at Cali until Vaca de Castro should arrive,
and his Majesty's commands be made known.
Vaca de Castro, with much help from the captain Cristo-
bal de Peña, started from the port, suffering from serious
illness and, as there was no physician or surgeon in his
company, he might have died. At the end of thirty-three
days he arrived at the city of Cali, two Spaniards having
been killed by tigers on the road, and seven others having
died of hunger and fatigue. The Governor and all the citi-
zens of Cali gave Vaca de Castro a very good reception,
provided lodgings for himself and his followers, and sup-
plied them freely with all they needed. Vaca de Castro
was at Cali for three months, very ill; and both the
Governors Belalcazar and Andagoya being at Cali together,
to prevent any scandal arising between them, Vaca de
Castro notified them by order that they must have no dis-
pute on any subject, otherwise his Majesty would be ill
served. As Vaca de Castro came with a keenness for
money he bargained with Belalcazar to take over certain
things he had brought, which were of little value, and pay
for them at prices which could not be called cheap. Vaca
de Castro sent his messengers to Quito, that his arrival
might be known throughout Peru, his Majesty having
appointed him Judge to investigate the past troubles be-
tween the Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro and the [late]
Adelantado Don Diego de Almagro. it was now three
months since he had arrived at the city of Cali; and
having ruled that the Adelantado Don Pascual de Anda-
goya should present himself before his Majesty and his
Privy Council,1 he now determined to go to Popayan, to
pick up the direct route from thence to the Realm of Peru.
1 Belalcazar at last allowed Andagoya to proceed to Buenaventura,
with his brother-in-law Alonso de Peña, where they embarked for
Panama^ Andagoya proceeded to Spain, having lost his government
140
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
CHAPTER XLI
How the President Cristobal Vaca de Castro left the city of Cali for
that of Popaydn, and how he there heard of the death of the
Marquis, from Lorenzo de Aldana who came in search of him.
AS soon as Vaca de Castro had recovered sufficiently to
be able to travel, he was desirous of continuing his
journey to Lima, where he expected to find the Marquis
and make arrangements for carrying out his Majesty's
instructions. He, therefore, spoke to the Adelantado Don
Sebastian de Belalcazar saying that he wished to set out
for Popayan, and asking that the necessary things might
be provided by the way. Belalcazar complied with this
request, and the Licentiate Vaca de Castro set out for the
city of Popayan, which is twenty-two leagues from Cali,
accompanied by his staff. On his arrival there he was
made very welcome by the inhabitants and municipal
authorities.
At the time when the Marquis was killed, Lorenzo
de Aldana was at Quito, and the news was not long in
reaching that city, as news will fly. Nevertheless Aldana
had already set out to join Vaca de Castro. For there
had been a delay of four months between the Judge's land-
ing at Buenaventura and his arrival at Popayan, so that
the news of his arrival reached Quito before that of the
death of the Marquis. But the latter news came to Quito
very soon after Aldana's departure. One of Aldana's
servants named Almaraz, who had charge of his Indians
and estate, made great haste to overtake him, and brought
and 70,000 castellanos de Oro (over ,£140,000 of our money). In 1546
he again went out with Pedro de la Gasca, was at the battle of
Sacsahuana, and died at Cuzco in 1548. See the Narrative of Pascual
de Andagoya (Hakluyt Society's vol. 34 for 1865).
WAR OF CHUPAS 141
him word of it. When Aldana heard it he was deeply
affected, and made still greater haste to reach the city of
Popayan where Vaca de Castro then was. He arrived on
a Sunday morning when the people had just gone to mass.
He made his way into the church and at once reported
himself to Vaca de Castro, who welcomed him, having
been apprised of his good and meritorious services. But
when Vaca de Castro heard that the Marquis was dead he
could scarcely believe it true, yet he did not fail to consider
that the Chile party, as conquered men who desired to
avenge the death of their Adelantado, might have com-
mitted the murder. He was very glad that he carried a
commission from his Majesty to govern the province and
administer justice himself, in the event of the Marquis's
death. Certainly he did not show much feeling on hearing
of the event, although some believed this was his policy.
On the same day he despatched messengers to the Adel-
antado Belalcazar, asking him not to go to Cartago or
any where else, but to remain in the city until it was
definitely known whether the news he had received of the
death of the Marquis was true or false. Belalcazar replied
that he would do what was ordered and not depart, how-
ever much it might seem desirable. We will now leave off
writing of Vaca de Castro, and relate what was happening
at Lima.
142
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
CHAPTER XLII
How Don Diego de Almagro ordered the secretary Antonio Picado to
be tortured, believing that he would then admit that the Marquis
owned some treasure; and how retribution was dealt to him.
IHAVE already recounted how Don Diego de Almagro
had got the secretary Antonio Picado into his power.
Often Don Diego on his own part, and Juan de Herrada
on his, admonished him that if he knew where the Marquis
had buried his treasure, which they believed to be great, he
must tell them. For one might believe that if any friend
of the Marquis knew the place, it must be his secretary.
Antonio Picado answered that if the Marquis had any
treasure, he could affirm that he did not know where it
was. Though he made these excuses, he was not believed ;
as they were hostile to Picado for his former conduct, Juan
de Herrada told him, in a great rage, that if he chose not
to say where it was, let him know that they would kill
him. He answered as we have said, affirming it with great
oaths. When Almagro and Juan de Herrada saw that
Picado would not tell them where the Marquis kept his
treasure, they ordered the torture to be prepared for him.
This was immediately done, and they put him to great
torments. As the unhappy wretch knew not what to say,
he made loud outcries, begging for death rather than be
kept in such agony. Juan de Herrada said that he must
tell them where the Marquis kept his silver and gold,
and then they would do him no more hurt. The afflicted
and oppressed Picado then answered that they should see
if Hurtado, the servant of the Marquis, knew about it.
That night they sent to arrest Hurtado, and said the same
to him as to Picado, that they would kill him if he did not
tell them where the treasure was. Hurtado answered that
WAR OF CHUPAS 143
the Marquis had no gold nor silver beyond what was found
in his room, and that if he had it or knew where it was, he
would tell them. Not believing his excuses they stripped
him and put him on the rack, ready for torture. Juan de
Herrada, because he had been his friend, or some other
motive, did not consent that Hurtado should be tortured,
but let him return to his house. After they had inflicted
more dreadful tortures on Picado, seeing that they could
get nothing out of him, they agreed to kill him, and on the
eve of the festival of St. Jerome they sent to tell him to
confess, for he must know that he only had that one clay
to live. Picado, feeling the approach of death, preferred it
to further torments. He confessed with much contrition,
and was married that night to his sweetheart Ana Suarez.
Next day, in the morning, they took him out of the
prison on a mule without a saddle. He held a crucifix in
his hands and. passing along the usual streets, he asked
pardon of all. The contemplation of his downfall must
make us feel how vain is the life of this world, and how
the desire to accumulate riches and increase in honours
or dignity consumes itself. Such must be the thoughts of
those who saw Picado so sprightly, so richly attired, so
wealthy, so trusted by the Governor, and possessing such
absolute command! See him now! All his prosperity
gone, he receives a public death, after having been tortured
into the bargain. Since God shows himself so true in his
judgment, it was His pleasure that Picado should meet
this fate because he had never advised the Marquis rightly
or as he should. One of the principal reasons why the
governors of these Realms have come to such bad ends
is that they trusted to ignorant, astute, and designing
servants, more concerned to acquire wealth and show favour
to their friends than to give their masters good advice and
counsel as their duty points. Let those now living, there-
fore, and those who may have to govern in the future,
144 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
employ honest subordinates whom they know to be given
to no noteworthy fault; and let them be sure about it, for,
if otherwise, they will follow the same road as the rest.
After the crier had proclaimed the reason of his death,
Picado's head was cut off, and he was buried in the church
of our Lady of Mercy.'
Don Diego, by advice of his captains, ordered Don
Alonso de Montemayor to go to the cities of Guamanga
and Cuzco to collect men, and arm them against any need
that might arise.
News reached Lima that the Captain Alonso de Alvarado,
on receiving tidings of the death of the Marquis, had
assembled the forces that were with him and with Pedro
Barroso at Guanuco, and those with Juan Perez de Guevara
at Moyobamba, and that he felt himself strong enough,
with their support, to raise the banner of the King
pending Vaca de Castro's entry into the Realm. This
news caused great consternation, although Juan de Her-
rada, Cristobal de Sotelo, and the other leaders of the
Chile party, did not wish to have encounters or battles,
nor to do more, if his Majesty would not pardon the
murder of the Marquis, than retire into the interior of Chile.
There were among them, indeed, gentlemen of such de-
termination, and soldiers of such mettle, that if envy
among them had not gnawed into their entrails, with the
desire to excel each other even unto death, they might
have prevailed—outside the Realm. But within the same,
holding it as they did by tyranny, they could not have
avoided the punishment which God and the world are
wont to mete out to those who usurp such a position, and
commit similar atrocities.
Well, soon after Captain Garcia de Alvarado had re-
turned from the cities of Truxillo and San Miguel, a
soldier who was much favoured by Francisco de Chaves
had taken an Indian girl from another soldier who was
WAR OF CHUPAS 145
very friendly with Captain Cristobal de Sotelo, who, as we
have written,was Governor's Lieutenant in Lima. As Sotelo
was very punctilious in affairs that concerned his honour,
and anxious not to condone any injury, and the said soldier,
moreover, was personally known to him, he sent to ask
Captain Francisco de Chaves very civilly that, the soldier
having taken the girl from him to whom she belonged
with Chaves' assent, he would order her to be restored;
since no other course would be seemly. Francisco de
Chaves, with much arrogance and little courtesy, abused
the man who was sent with the request, saying that it was
not his pleasure that the soldier who had taken the girl
should return her, for that she was his, and that a con-
stable had better not be sent, because he would be ill-
treated and would not get what he came for. Sotelo was
wise, and recognized the evils that might arise from mis-
understandings among the captains. Tempering his anger
with the prudence of his character, he sent a second time
to request that the girl might be returned to him to whom
she belonged, and that if the other maintained that she
was his, there should be an appeal to justice, which would
not be denied to the rightful owner. Francisco de Chaves
again answered rudely that the girl should not be returned
by him who had her. Cristobal de Sotelo was much en-
raged that he should be thus set at nought by Francisco de
Chaves, and said that he felt great regret that there should
be discord among them and party quarrels from which great
evils must arise. He added that he was very glad he was
not one of the murderers of the Marquis, and that if he
followed Don Diego it was owing to the friendship he had
for his father, which would not make him fail to obey the
commands of his Majesty. After saying this he declared
further that Francisco de Chaves must not think, that be-
cause with him was the courtesy and with Chaves the lack
of it, he would come out of it in spite of Don Cristobal.
L
146 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
Saying this before five or six of his friends, he went forth
to Chaves' quarters to take away the girl, and Chaves' life,
if he should defend it, or else, in testimony of his sense of
right, to lose his own.
Oh misery! what is this that you do? Oh tyranny! what
evils do you bring in your train? And you, oh captains of
my nation! What moves you to bore and slash each other's
entrails with the sharp poniard, or cutting sword? How I
lament and deeply deplore that distinguished Spaniards
should die for such sordid causes. Through whatever nation
or region you might travel it should be said that you justly
merit having been born on the banks of the Ebro. And
only for others' advantage have you been thus ill ad-
vised. For without having fully discovered the secrets
of the land, nor having made the barbarians to under-
stand the service required from them, you raise wars in
which most of yourselves are killed in evidence of your
own folly, that new comers may triumph by your con-
quests and settlements, in which they have taken no part.
But to return to our narrative. On Cristobal de Sotelo
starting to go to the house of Francisco de Chaves, one
of those present went to Juan de Herrada, to tell him, so
that he might personally intervene and settle the quarrel;
and prevent those captains from killing each other over an
Indian girl. When Juan de Herrada heard this, he went
to prevent what was thought might happen. He called
Cristobal and said that he did not wish him to go forward,
for it was not consistent with his dignity that an Indian
girl should move him to go against Francisco de Chaves.
Sotelo replied that he had already done what was required
of a gentleman in communicating with Chaves, who had
not in any way acknowledged his error, but had abetted
the abduction of the girl, and had even declared that if a
constable came to his house he would only get a drubbing.
Juan de Herrada told him to remain at home, for that he
WAR OF CHUPAS
147
himself would go to the house of Francisco de Chaves for
the girl. On hearing this Sotelo stayed in his house; Juan
de Herrada then went to that of Francisco de Chaves, and
demanded the girl, being very angry. Though it went
against the grain, he took her from the house and out of
the keeping of the soldier who had taken her, and gave
her to her first proprietor.
How the Captains Francisco de Chaves and Francisco Nunez were
made prisoners, and how Francisco de Chaves was put to death.
"\ T OW this was the time when the funeral obsequies of
1 M the old Marquis ought to have been celebrated, but
rather was it signalised by the commencement of the shed-
ding of the blood of those who had spilled so much of his
that his life ebbed away. The youthful Governor began to
taste the bitter draughts which tyranny carries in its toils, for
with it neither does friend prove loyal nor enemy merciful.
Better had it been for him and his accomplices to await the
Judge's coming and not have put the Marquis to death in
that atrocious way. Even after his death no honour was
shown him, as the reader has seen. On the contrary, the
body was thrust into the bowels of the earth as if it had
been that of a vile and contemptible man. With reference
to this I would quote that speech of the Constable of
Castille, Grand Master of Santiago, Don Alvaro de Luna.
Seeing that there was a large hook placed where he was to
be put to death, he asked the executioner what it was
there for. The executioner said that it was to hangr his
head on after he was dead. Don Alvaro replied, snapping
his fingers, " After I am dead do what ye will with the
CHAPTER XLIII
148 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
body and head," meaning that at the moment of decapita-
tion his soul would pass to where his deeds during this life
had merited that it should.
Captain Francisco de Chaves, finding that Juan de
Herrada had taken the Indian girl out of his house, against
his will, took it as an affront, and an insult to himself.
Arming himself and mounting his horse he went to the
house of Don Diego de Almagro. They say that Chaves
told Don Diego to take back the horse and arms he had
received at his hands, but now brought back, for that he
wanted them no longer, nor looked upon Don Diego as his
friend. One insult had been put upon him by Don Diego's
father and he had paid him well for it, the other was from
the son, and he would pay him too. They say that he
alluded to what happened at Guaytara when he was sus-
pected of dealing with Hernando Pizarro, but this I was
never able to verify nor can I believe, for Francisco de
Chaves always showed himself a loyal friend to the Adel-
antado and an enemy to Hernando Pizarro.
Those who were in the room with Don Diego, believing
that rage had made Chaves say those things, tried to ap-
pease him, admonishing him that he ought to see that the
girl had been taken from her owner by one who had no
right to her, and that to return her was quite proper.
There could be no reason in throwing away the friendship
of Don Diego, nor would it be reckoned to his credit. But
he answered that he would never be a friend of Don Diego
again, nor would he uphold his cause. When Juan de Her-
rada heard this he discreetly felt that it would not be wise to
leave such a man free, when he had so openly refused to
retract what he had done. He wanted to arrest him on the
spot, but did not dare to do so because Francisco Nunez
de Pedroso was a great friend of Chaves, and he was
quartered in the barracks as captain of the troops, and it
seemed possible he might take Chaves' part. So he went
WAR OF CHUPAS 149
covertly to where Francisco Nunez de Pedroso was and
asked him to go and speak with Francisco de Chaves, since
he was his friend, and persuade him not to talk so de-
fiantly; and he told him what had happened. Francisco
Nunez, believing that the intention of Juan de Herrada
was no other than what he said, cheerfully consented and
went at once and asked Francisco de Chaves, in the
presence of Don Diego and the other captains, not to cease
from being a friend of Don Diego; but he was unable to
move Chaves from his resolve. On Don Diego and Juan
de Herrada seeing this they turned to those present and
asked what they advised. Garcia de Alvarado answered
that since Francisco de Chaves refused to be a friend of
Don Diego they should arrest him. When Chaves heard
this, looking towards Garcia de Alvarado, he said that if
that was his opinion they had better arrest him and there
and then put him in irons. Francisco Nunez declared that
if they arrested Don Francesco de Chaves, they must do
the same with him.
For these reasons, or because he was on bad terms with
Francisco de Chaves, when Francisco Niiñez used those
words Juan de Herrada said : " Be it as you order," and
they were both immediately arrested and the irons clapped
on them. For Herrada knew that Chaves was annoyed at
his being General instead of Gomez de Alvarado (it is
said that Herrada had been a servant to Don Pedro,
Gomez's brother), because Chaves had said that it was
wrong, where there were so many gentlemen, for Herrada
to be General, and that for his own part he would not put
up with it. When night came, as the prisoners had friends,
they were sent on board a ship that was in the port lest
any disturbance should occur. With them the bachelor
Enriquez was sent because, as was afterwards said, it was
by his advice that Francisco de Chaves had taken the
Indian girl, and he had been fomenting enmity against
150
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
Don Diego. Presently, next morning, there tuas some dis-
turbance at the imprisonment of Francisco de Chaves and
Francisco Nunez, some denouncing it, while to others it
seemed well. There were debates and wrangling. When
Juan de Herrada knew of this, he took counsel with some
whom he deemed friends, and they agreed that Francisco
de Chaves should be killed and Francisco Nunez banished.
Next day, by order of Don Diego and Juan de Herrada,
they went to the port very secretly, that it might not be
known, to put Francisco de Chaves to death. The latter was
now sorry for what he had done, but when they told him to
confess, he was amazed. It is reported that he said that
he had two seats, one in heaven and the other in hell,
and that the divine Power had already decided which he
must go to ; he, therefore, did not want to confess. Others
aver that what he said was that since his own friends were
killing his body the devil might take his soul. It is likely
enough that he may have said either of those things, for it
could not be believed that a man who had shown so little
respect for the holy sacrament was to meet with any easier
death than this. Having said it, he was killed by the exe-
cutioner, and the bachelor Enriquez fared in the same
way. Francisco Nunez was banished in the same ship on
board of which Doha Ines, the wife of Francisco Martin de
Alcantara, and the children of the Marquis had been em-
barked, for reasons which were examined and approved.1
They also banished Diego de Peralta, a citizen of La Paz,
one who has rendered his Majesty much service; and it
was ordered that they should all go in that ship.
As it was now many days since Pero Alvarez Holguin
had taken charge of the city of Cuzco and turned out
Gabriel de Rojas, who held it for Don Diego, and was col-
1 They seem to have been landed at Payta, near which port they
had an interview with Vaca de Castro.
WAR OF CHUPAS
lecting men to go forth and seek for those who had killed
the Marquis, the news travelled to Guamanga, and it was
soon known in the city of Lima. When Don Diego and
his followers heard it they were much alarmed at finding
that Alonso de Alvarado on the one hand, and Pero Alvarez
on the other, had sided against them. They consulted to-
gether, and it was determined that they should march into
the mountains and rout Pero Alvarez, if they should meet
him, or else proceed to the city of Cuzco. When this had
been settled, they collected all the arms and horses they
could, to set out from the city of Lima well prepared, and
they appointed captains, ensigns, and the rest of the officers
who were to have charge of the war.
How, when the death of the Marquis was known at Plata, they raised
the banner of the King, and how the captain Pedro Anzures, and
other residents there, set out to join Pero Alvarez Holguin.
A T the time of the death of the Marquis, the Captain
-/~V Pedro Anzures was his lieutenant in the town of
Plata. When he set out to penetrate into the country of
the Chunchos, as already related, he received such im-
portant information respecting the Rio de la Plata and the
many populous provinces on its banks that he desired to
discover some way into them, which would not be too
difficult, by crossing the Andes. From the time when the
Marquis appointed him his Lieutenant, he amply showed
his valour in his wars with the Indians, and his prudence
in maintaining the peaceful relations they had promised to
abide by, not consenting that any harm should be done
to them. In the rich mines of Porco there were Spaniards
who extracted a quantity of silver. Entertaining the desire
CHAPTER XLIV
152
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
I have mentioned, to discover that land and great river,
Pedro Anzures had gone, with some people, as far as the
country of the Juries, which is to the east, to ascertain the
character of the country in that direction as a practicable
route for penetrating further. In that year, Captain Gar-
cilaso de la Vega and Luis Perdomo were alcaldes of the
town of Plata, Pedro de Hinojosa and Diego Ldpez de
Ziiñiga, Francisco de Almendras and Juan de Caravajal
were regidores, and Antonio Alvarez was alguazil mayor.
A man came to the town as a messenger from Gomez de
Tordoya; for Sancho Perero, sent by Pero Alvarez, had not
yet arrived. He told the alcaldes the news of the death of
the Marquis. They all received it with the very greatest
sorrow, and, although they would have liked to keep it
secret until the return of Pedro Anzures, they could not do
so, for it became known at once to all the inhabitants.
They all felt grief that a Governor of the King, and a
captain so old in the conquests of the Indies, should have
been so barbarously murdered. There was a great excite-
ment among them, for they did not know what course to
pursue, nor whether Pedro Anzures would return from his
expedition or not. The municipal officers assembled, and
after having raised the banner for the king, they agreed
to send a messenger to Pedro Anzures begging for his
immediate return, as the tidings required it. They sent the
news by one Marchena, who travelled quickly until he reached
the place where Pedro Anzures was. The latter was deeply
grieved, and returned quickly to the town, where several
meetings of the municipality were held, but nothing was
settled. For the rcgidorcs wanted to nominate that righteous
cavalier Gonzalo' de la Vega as captain, or else Diego de
Rojas. But Pedro Anzures maintained that it was his place,
because he had been Lieutenant there. At these meetings
Sic—a mistake for Garcilaso.
WAR OF CHUPAS I53
there were many bickerings, and Pedro Anzures had words
with the alcalde Perdomo.
Pedro de Hinojosa spoke so well at one of the meetings
and with such effect that all determined to think of nothing
but the King's service, and agreed that since Pedro Anzures
was a gentleman and a gallant one who had been the
Marquis' Lieutenant, he should be Captain. Pedro Anzures
then raised the banner of his Majesty, and delivered it to
Alonso de Loaisa as ensign. Before this the captain Garcilaso
had gone to the mines at Porco to collect what men and
arms might be there, and silver to divide amongst those
who were about to go to serve the King. Soon all were
in readiness. Sancho Perero, the messenger sent by Pero
Alvarez Holguin, then arrived and related to those gentle-
men what had taken place, and how Holguin had been
chosen General to put down the tyranny of Almagro.
Having delivered the letters to Pedro Anzures, he went
back with others that were entrusted to him. When those
who were to go were ready to start, and mounted on good
horses, Pedro Anzures addressed them in a gracious speech,
appealing to them to bear in mind that they were gentle-
men and servants of the King, and that the evil committed
by the men of Chile in tyrannizing over the country was
very grave and deserving of severe punishment, which the}-,
as loyal men, must inflict. Having added other observations
on the subject, Captain Pedro Anzures left Francisco de
Almendras as Chief Justice, Gabriel de Mendoza as alcalde
and Antonio Alvarez as algitazil mayor. He then set out
from the loyal town with fifty-two horsemen, among whom
there went:
Garcilaso de la Vega Lope de Mendieta
Pedro de Hinojosa Alonso de Loaisa (ensignJ
Gaspar Rodriguez de Cam- Diego Centeno
po Redondo 1 Luis Perdomo
' Brother of Pedro Anzures.
154
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
Alonso de Mendoza
Juan de Caravajal
Diego de Rojas
Alonso de Camargo 1
Lope de Mendoza
Diego Lope de Zuñiga
Diego de Almendras
Francisco de Tapia
Hernan Nunez de Segura
Luis de Rivera
Alonso PeVez Castillejo
Francisco Retamoso
Hernando de Aldana
Alonso Manjarres
and others to the number I mentioned.
They proceeded on their journey until they arrived at
the villages " del Rev," whence, leaving the baggage with
some people, Captain Pedro Anzures went by way of
Hatun-colla to the city of Arequipa, to collect all the men
and arms that he could. He got there just when Sergeant-
major Francisco Sanchez, was coming in with the men
sent by Pero Alvarez Holguin.
As the night had not yet run its course nor the day
shown any sign of light, and the two parties entered the
place one on one side and the other on another, loosening
their arquebuses, they well nigh came to blows. They
recognized each other in time, however, and were rejoiced.
Though some showed themselves neutral in that city
others joined the captains in the service of the King with-
out wavering, and took the road with them back to Cuzco.
On the way, Loaisa gave up the office of ensign under
Pedro Anzures, and Diego Centeno took it over and carried
the banner into Chupas. Finally, they all arrived safely at
Cuzco. The Captain Pero Alvarez Holguin, with Gdmez
de Tordoya and the others, gave them a hearty welcome.
There was much rejoicing at Cuzco, and all promised
obedience to Pero Alvarez, and accepted him as General.
He nominated Pedro Anzures as Captain of Lances, with
Garcilaso de la Vega.
1 The captain of the ship that arrived from Spain. See p. 137.
WAR OF CHUPAS
155
CHAPTER XLV
Of the things that were do?ie by Captain Alonso de Alvarado after
he had raised the banner of the King.
IT has already been related how the captain Alonso de
Alvarado held it to be a great injury to the service of
the King that the Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro should
have been put to death; and here he had raised the banner
in the royal name, and collected troops to strengthen his
position in the highlands where he was awaiting the arrival
of the President Vaca de Castro, who, it was now publicly
known, was coming as Judge of residencia in the affairs
of Almagro and Pizarro. As the news spread, Don Diego
de Almagro and Juan de Herrada wrote to persuade
Alvarado to espouse their side, to which he answered as
already stated. When it became known in the cities of
Trujillo and San Miguel that Alonso de Alvarado had
raised the banner in the name of the King, some joined
him who, holding the deed done by Don Diego in abhor-
rence, did not wish to be on a side which would support
his party or agree in its views, but were unanimous in
the service of the King. When Alonso de Alvarado knew
that Garcia de Alvarado had gone to Piura, he wished to
rout him before he could return to Lima; for if this could
be achieved it would be a great disaster for the men of
Chile, who had such confidence in his prowess. With this
determination Alvarado ordered a soldier named Car-
rillo, who had gone to Trujillo for arms, as we have re-
lated, to proceed to Caxamarca, where Melchor Verdugo,
and to Guamachuco, where Aguibera, were proprietors,
and had some parties of Indians who knew the country
well, to get them to help him, as he wished to defeat
156
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
and kill Garcia de Alvarado and those who were with him.
Verdugo wished to be neutral, by what they say, and
answered Carrillo equivocally. They also say that when
Garcia de Alvarado passed by there, he brought him one
or two very good horses and some arquebuses, and that it
was by Verdugo's advice that Garcia de Alvarado hurried
his departure. And furthermore, that although Verdugo
received letters from Alonso de Alvarado calling upon him
to join, he would not do so.
When Alonso de Alvarado found that he had not managed
to entrap Garcia de Alvarado, knowing that a great force
was being assembled at Lima to march against him and to
find the Judge Vaca de Castro, he decided to depart from
the city where he was, to join the Judge, who was believed
to be now in Quito. He marched as far as Cotabamba,
where he halted because he deemed the place strong, and
one which could not be attacked by his enemies, and whence,
should they come in force, he could retreat further inland.
He then sent other messengers to Vaca de Castro, reporting
that he, Alvarado, and his followers were well, and urging
the Judge to come quickly, because as soon as the masses
knew of his arrival in the Realm many would come for-
ward to join him and serve the King.
Let us now leave Alonso de Alvarado, and say that after
the captain Pero Alvarez Holguin had arrived at the city
of Cuzco, and been publicly received there as General
and proclaimed by the sound of trumpets in the great
square, he devoted himself to preparing arms and getting
men together. When Pedro Anzures arrived he did the
same. Don Alonso de Montemayor then arrived in that
city. He had come by order of Don Diego de Almagro
to speak to Holguin on his behalf. He was to say that he
was aware of the movements which were taking place;
that, putting other things aside, Holguin should conform
to his party; and that as he had always shown himself a
WAR OF CHUPAS
157
friend of the Adelantado Almagro and his supporters he
should now be one of the avengers of his death. If Pero
Alvarez had not entered Cuzco he should take the city for
him (Don Diego); and, collecting all the arms and men
possible, he should then return to Lima. Don Alonso did
not put forward any of these arguments, for when he
arrived at Cuzco he found Pero Alvarez within, and al-
though he spoke some things to him on Don Diego's part,
he, like a prudent cavalier, was very guarded in what he said,
and evinced a desire to serve the King. But Pero Alvarez
arrested him for the time being, and had a secret watch
kept on him to prevent him from returning to Lima.
How the President Vaca de Castro quitted Popaydn, to go to the city
E recounted in former chapters how, while the Licen-
V V tiate Vaca de Castro was in the city of Popayan,
Lorenzo de Aldana brought news of the death of the
Marquis Pizarro in the city of Lima at the hands of the
men of Chile, and how, when this was known to Vaca
de Castro, he wrote to the Adelantado Don Sebastian de
Belalcazar, who was then at Cali, desiring him not to go to
the city of Cartago, nor to Anzerma for the present. Vaca
de Castro was very anxious to know for certain if the news
was true. At this juncture one Ordas, and Juan de Valdi-
vieso, citizens of Cuzco, arrived, who, jointly with Diego Mal-
donado and other settlers in Peru, had embarked at Panama
for that Realm. When they had reached the coast of Peru
they received the news of the Marquis's death; and, as the
Judge had landed at the port of Buenaventura, they gave
up their voyage further southwards, and went inland to
CHAPTER XLVI
of Quito.
i5S
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
Quito to find him. Thence they went on to Pasto, and,
together with Villalva, they proceeded to Popayan, where
thc\- found Vaca de Castro, and related to him what was
going on ; how Don Diego had assumed the role of governor
of the realm; how he had sent one of his captains, named
Garcia de Alvarado, to range the coast, and even to get the
Judge himself into his clutches in order to detain or kill
him; how he had taken and killed Alonso de Cabrera and
others, and had captured and carried back the Licentiate
Garcia de Leon a prisoner. When Vaca de Castro heard
this news he became quite convinced that the Marquis
had been murdered, and that Don Diego was set up as
Governor. He wrote again to Belalcazar therefore, ex-
plaining that the Marquis had been murdered, and that
Don Diego had shamelessly and insolently got himself
installed as Governor, and had been so received at Lima.
Vaca de Castro called upon Belalcazar, who had always
been a faithful servant of his Majesty and was the King's
Governor and Captain-general, to collect as many men
and arms as possible and march to Popayan, where the
Judge awaited him.
People allege that when Belalcazar read this letter from
Vaca de Castro, he was much worried, and that it was more
from fear than from good-will that he obeyed the sum-
mons. This seems likely, because he always showed him-
self lukewarm in whatever things occurred, and in the
letters he sent to the cities nearest the coast he wrote that
he was going back because he could not do otherwise, but
would soon return. He had another reason for wishing to
go down stream but not up, which was that according to
positive news received at Cali, Captain Jorge Robledo, the
founder of those towns and cities, with all those who had
been his followers before, had espoused the royalist cause,
and the Adelantado was anxious to arrest him. However,
Belalcazar replied to the Licentiate that he would be happy
WAR OF CHUPAS I 59
to come to Popayan at once and do what might be required
of him, and that he would bring as many men as he could,
although he then had very few in the city. He got ready
as best he was able, and set out for the city of Popayan,
accompanied by some of his servants and friends, and
other inhabitants of Cali. At Popayan he was received by
the President Vaca de Castro.
Having assembled the principal people who were there,
the Licentiate Vaca de Castro displayed a Royal Cedula
of his Majesty, whereby it was decreed that if the Marquis
Pizarro should die during Vaca de Castro's voyage to Peru,
or after his arrival there, he, Vaca de Castro, was em-
powered to take over the government of the provinces and
be his Majesty's Governor there, with the same full powers
as those granted to the Marquis. When they had seen the
Cedula there was some argument as to what had best be
done to take the control from Don Diego, who held it
against the royal will. There were some who advised that
Vaca de Castro should go back to Buenaventura and thence
to Panama, where he might assemble a fleet and a large
force with which to go in strength against the men of
Chile and punish them for the crime they had committed
in putting the Marquis to death and seizing the country.
Lorenzo de Aldana was not of this opinion. He main-
tained that Vaca de Castro should take the road and enter
Peru with all possible despatch; for although Don Diego
had assumed the name of Governor, there were in Peru so
many loyal subjects of his Majesty that they would not
fail for any reason to enlist themselves in his service. To
go to Panama would cause much mischief, and would be
of no use. After they had argued about what should be
done, Vaca de Castro decided to go on to Quito, and
ordered Belalcazar to go with him to Peru. While prepara-
tions were being made for the journey many copies were
made of the royal Cedula of his Majesty, and despatched by
i6o
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
messengers to all parts that the President's coming might
be known, as well as the will of his Majesty to the effect
that in the event of the death of the Marquis, Vaca de
Castro was to be Governor. Then, with the following he had,
Vaca de Castro set out for Quito, taking with him Lorenzo
de Aldana, who he expected would be very useful. Con-
tinuing the journey they came to Villaviciosa de Pasto,
where they found several persons willing to go with the
President to serve his Majesty.
Then, when the messengers sent by Vaca de Castro
from Popayan arrived at Quito, and the royal Cedula of
the King our master was seen there, the Captain Pedro
de Puelles, who was lieutenant there, and the alcaldes
assembled in council ; and they acknowledged Vaca de
Castro as Governor, sending messengers to inform him,
and offering to go with him until he should have carried
out all that his Majesty had ordered. When the Governor
Vaca de Castro learnt that he had been acknowledged at
Quito he rejoiced at this good beginning, and pressed on
with all speed to arrive there.
How the Governor Vaca de Castro on his way to Quito arrived at a
village called Caraugue, and there received letters from the cap-
tain Alonso de Alvarado, by whicli he learned that Alvarado had
risen against Almagro, in the name of the King; from which
news he derived great pleasure.
ACA DE CASTRO was now very anxious to reach
V Quito, in order to increase his force, and to receive more
complete news. Pressing forward he made such good pro-
gress that he quickly arrived at Caraugue, which is fourteen
leagues from Quito. Here a messenger met him with news
that gave him no little joy. Looking over the letters he
CHAPTER XLVI I
WAR OF CHUPAS
161
received, he learnt that the captain Alonso de Alvarado,
who was Lieutenant for the Marquis in the city of La
Frontera, had raised the banner in the royal name as soon
as he heard of the murder, holding it to have been a shame-
ful deed by which his Majesty would be ill served, and had
himself collected all the troops he could, and stationed him-
self in a strong position prepared for defence, where it would
be very difficult for the enemy to injure him. Vaca de
Castro now gained complete knowledge of all that we have
just related, which Alonso de Alvarado sent to tell him.
All those who came with the Governor saw the letters and
heard the news; and they held what Alvarado had done
to be a good beginning, and the news to be gladsome.
Vaca de Castro then sent the messenger back with all speed
to the Chachapoyas provinces, where Alvarado was, with
a copy of the royal Cedula and a gracious letter praising
the step Alvarado had taken in raising the royal banner,
and saying that no less was to be expected from so gallant
and loyal a cavalier. The Governor also desired that news
of his own coming should be sent to Lima, Cuzco, and all
the other principal places in Peru. Soon after despatching
this messenger, the Governor Vaca de Castro arrived in the
city of Quito, where he was very honorably received, and
with great solemnity, as Governor and Captain-general. As
soon as he was established there, he proceeded to send
other messengers to all quarters of the Realm, that his
arrival in it might be known, and announcing that he was
then at Quito.
Diego Maldonado, a citizen of Cuzco, arriving on the
coast and hearing of the death of the Marquis, and that
Don Diego had assumed the role of Governor, it seemed to
him undesirable to go farther. He, therefore, proceeded
to Quito to join the Governor Vaca de Castro. Diego de
Peralta, and other settlers in Peru, did the same. Although
the Adelantado Belalcazar came with the Governor, he did
M
I 62
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
so not willingly, be it understood, owing to the reasons
already explained ; but he always relied upon the opinion of
Lorenzo de Aldana, and was guided by his counsel. Report
quickly spread the news to the maritime towns of Puerto
Viejo, Guayaquil, and San Miguel, of the arrival of Vaca
de Castro at Quito, and of how he had been received there
as Governor and was making a call for troops. Man}', with
the desire to serve his Majesty, went to join him; and
others, who had been neutral, came forward at the King's
call and for his service, and the}' therefore went to Quito
to accompany Vaca de Castro and serve under him.
When the Governor heard that Gonzalo Pizarro had
gone to explore the Cancla with more than 200 men,
and among them man)' accustomed to war, he called one
Gonzalo Martin, a citizen of Quito and an old conquistador,
and ordered him to go with twenty or thirty men well
equipped, and push into the Cancla by the same route as
Gonzalo. He was diligently to endeavour to inform Gon-
zalo of the murder of his brother the Marquis by the men
of Chile, and that he, Vaca de Castro, had come in the
King's name to govern the province and execute judgment
on the guilty. He, therefore, called upon Gonzalo Pizarro
to return with the men under his command, to help punish
Don Diego for'what he had done. But although this Gonzalo
Martin succeeded in getting the message through to Gonzalo,
he was not himself able to reach him. Vaca de Castro also
heard that the captain Pedro de Vergara was in the region
of Bracamoros with troops. So he sent one Sandoval, with
eight or ten Spaniards, to carry word of his arrival and to
warn Vergara that the interests of the King's service re-
quired him to proceed at once with his men, and join in
marching against Don Diego, who had occupied Lima.
Although the province of Chaparra and the Paltas were
in revolt, and the natives were very daring, Sandoval and
his men passed through all the disturbed country, crossing
WAR OF CHUPAS 163
CHAPTER XLVIII
Of what else was done by the General Pero Alvarez Holguin, and
how he departedfrom Cuzco.
IN previous chapters we related how Pero Alvarez Hol-
guin was received in the city of Cuzco as General, and
how Don Alonso de Montemayor had arrived there with
despatches from Don Diego. Although he had written
word of his coming, and that he had been sent by Don
Diego, confidence was not felt in Don Alonso. The
Adelantado Almagro had always thought highly of him,
and he went with the Adelantado to Chile; moreover, he
was on his side at the battle of Las Salinas, so it was feared
that he might try to gain men over to Don Diego's part}7.
He tried, indeed, to slip away from Cuzco, because he was
told, before Pedro Anzures arrived, that some men who
were not on very good terms with himself, were coming
from the town of Plata in that leader's company, and he
feared, in those troublous times, they might seek to kill
him. Hence he tried to escape. Rut Pero Alvarez presently
took measures to keep him in hand, and ordered his arrest,
treating him liberally as his position deserved.
Pedro Anzures having arrived, and the captains having
been appointed, it was found that the force numbered
300 men—including mounted pikemen, arquebusiers, and
musketeers. News had come that his Majesty had appointed
by rugged tracks over difficult mountain ranges, until they
reached the place where Captain Vergara was, and told
him the news they brought and what had happened in
the land. When Vergara heard all this, being desirous of
serving the King against the murderers of the Marquis, he
prepared to set out from thence.
164 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
the licentiate Vaca de Castro to be Judge, and that he had
actually arrived at Buenaventura, and must by now be at
Quito. So leaving a sufficient force behind to uphold
Justice in the King's name, it was decided to set out
from Cuzco with the intention of giving battle to Almagro
and his followers if they should cross their path; while, if
not, they would march on until they could join Vaca de
Castro wherever they might meet him. They began the
march to Guamanga in good order, always throwing out
scouts to reconnoitre in case there should be signs of an
enemy's approach.
Were one ordered to enumerate the great evils, injuries,
robberies, oppression and ill-treatment inflicted on the
natives during these operations, without exaggeration, there
would never be an end of it, for the}- took no more thought
about killing Indians than as if they were useless beasts,
nor stopped to consider that Christ, our God, was placed
on the Cross for them as well as for us. If the captains
wished to place some check on such great evils they were
powerless to do so; for in past disturbances and civil wars
soldiers have always held to robbery and profit. If a
remedy was attempted they mutinied, and passed over from
one camp to the other; or they stayed away in the villages,
if they were not allowed to follow their own devices. In
very truth we may in some measure acquit them of blame,
for the country is so rough and so devoid of beasts of
burden that many must travel afoot, through having nothing
to ride. There are also uninhabited wilds where it is neces-
sary, owing to the great cold, to carry tents and means of
subsistence, so that where it is done with moderation, I
would not condemn the employment of Indian carriers.
But since my readers know what I can vouch for, I do not
wish to say more on this subject than that if a man had
need of one pig he killed twenty, if four Indians were
wanted he took a dozen. To speak quite plainly, there
WAR OF CHUPAS 165
were many who made the poor Indians carry their public
women in hammocks borne on their shoulders.
After leaving Cuzco the General Pero Alvarez Holguin
travelled until he reached Guamanga, where Don Diego's
deputy was one Vasco de Guevara. He, fearing that he
might receive some ill-treatment, absented himself from
the city, and concealed himself among the mountains. But
some soldiers sent out by Pero Alvarez to search for him,
found him, and brought him back. Then Pero Alvarez
got himself accepted as General in Guamanga, and after
he had established order and settled the city in the service
of His Majesty he departed, accompanied by some citizens
and others who were soldiers from that city. General Pero
Alvarez followed the royal road of the Incas, marching
always with scouts in advance, until he arrived within half a
league of Parcos. He then desired all the captains, cavaliers,
gentlemen, and soldiers gathered under his banner to ac-
knowledge him afresh as their General and swear him in
as such. This public solemnity was there celebrated. They
then discussed what should next be done. Some said that
they should go and give battle to Don Diego, who had
already left Lima, as we shall presently tell. Others dis-
agreed, saying that it would be better to continue their
march to Caxamarca, where they would obtain news of the
Judge, and, in conjunction with his men, they would be
strong enough to resist the enemy, who had been busying
themselves only with increasing their forces, and renewing
their arms. Finally they agreed to continue their journey,
and join forces with Vaca de Castro and with the captain
Alonso de Alvarado.
Alonso de Toro, the citizen of Cuzco, pretending that he
was going back in search of some Indian girls, left the
camp. They say that the citizens of Cuzco were dissatisfied
with the nomination of Holguin as their General, and that
this person had some quarrels here with Don Pedro Puerto-
166
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
carrero ; and things came to such a pass that Holguin took
his horses and arms away and would have turned him out
of the camp. The other captains intervening, however, peace
was restored ; and Alonso de Toro came back into camp, and
they continued their journey. We will now leave them, and
speak of the departure of Don Diego from Lima.
How Don Diego de Almagro, hearing the news about Pero Alvarez,
left the city of Lima, by the advice of his captains, and of the
officers and men he took with him.
T^ON Diego and his followers were much alarmed at
V-J the news that Pero Alvarez Holguin had been nom-
inated General in the city of Cuzco, with Gomez de Tor-
doya as Camp Master, as well as at the news respecting
the proceedings of Alonso de Alvarado and other occur-
rences. Their principal men assembled to decide what
should be clone. Gomez de Alvarado and Juan de Saya-
vedra were discontented that Juan de Herrada should be
the General, and that they should be under his orders, he
having been a common man and a private soldier. They
were much displeased with Don Diego, and although they
were present at some of the meetings, it was not willingly
nor with the desire with which they were credited. There
were different opinions as to the course to be pursued.
Some thought that they should advance against Alonso de
Alvarado and rout him. Others were in favour of descend-
ing along the coast road to capture or. kill Vaca de Castro,
and so to increase their army as to be strong enough to
defeat those who had shown themselves to be enemies;
then to wait and see how his Imperial Majesty would
dispose these affairs. If a rigorous mandate should be sent
CHAPTER XLIX
WAR OF CHUPAS 167
1 The Quichua tribe which inhabited the Jauja province.
3 Of Magellan.
out against them, they could then retreat beyond the river
Maule. But they were unable to agree upon any of those
plans, and finally the proposal of Cristobal de Sotelo was
deemed the best. It was that they should go and meet
Pero Alvarez Holguin and defeat him, as he could not
have more than three hundred men; and then from the
plains march to the important city of Cuzco, where they
could gain information of the arrival of Vaca de Castro,
and of his further movements, and learn the view he took
of things. Having decided to quit Lima the captains sent
twelve Spaniards to the province of Jauja to speak with
the Guancas,1 as they wished to pass through their province,
so as to ensure mutual trust and friendship with them, to
arrange about supplies, and to induce them to send advice
of the coming of Pero Alvarez and his party if they should
hear of it. Don Diego and his captains then began to
collect arms, prepare powder, and make arquebuses; hold-
ing war to be certain, and not doubting that many of them
must die, since they were so vengeful towards one another.
The banners were displayed and the beating of drums
heralded the war which the fifes proclaimed. And so all
began to prepare for an early departure from the city.
Oh! what it was to see the noble Spanish youth then
in Lima about to follow the banners of Chile. What a
many cavaliers of good family, so adorned with graces and
talent, some of them of martial mien, and holding their
lives so cheap, provided that the gossip Fame would not
leave them in the obscurity of oblivion, nor immortal
Memory omit to bear witness in writing of their valour.
Oh! he who has seen them traversing territories only
limited by the Strait," must be able to say that their fame is
more than memorable, or failing in ability to embrace all
i68
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
this, he could at least record their fortitude against bar-
barous nations living in regions beyond where the sun
pursues its course.1 And since I shall have to make mention
of the names of the principal leaders when I come to the
cruel battle of Chupas, I will hold over until then what the
course of my work does not offer an appropriate place for
discoursing on here.
Now that all were ready to depart from Lima, furnished
with all the arms and horses that could be collected
they summoned the factor Illan Suarez de Caravajal and
some others to go with them,- and quitted the city. The
reverend Father Fr. Tomas de San Martin, Provincial of
the Dominicans, also went with them. Juan Alonso de
Badajoz was left at Lima as deputy for the Governor
Leaving Lima they marched until the)' were a league
and a half from the city, where they resolved to nominate
their leaders. Although it went against the grain with
many, they yielded obedience to Juan de Herrada2 as their
General, and other officers were appointed as follows:
Captains of cavalry Cristobal de Sotelo
„ ,, Juan Tello3
„ „ Garcia de Alvarado*
Captains oj infantry DlEGO DE HOCES2
„ „ MARTINCOTE -
„ „ CARDENAS ,J
„ „ .Juan de 0/ea:i
Serjeant Major Snares3
Ensign-general • Gonzalo Pereyra
The whole force numbered 517 Spaniards, all very bril-
liant.1 They were mustered and passed in review, and it
1 /.< ?., the tropics. 2 Actual murderers of the Marquis. 3 Accomplices who waited outside. ' " Muy lucidos." It is to be feared that the prejudices of Cieza de Leon were very strong. WAR OF CHUPAS 169 was found that there were 180 cavalry, 100 arquebusiers and musketeers, the rest pikemen with some halberdiers, and they had five pieces of artillery. At this time Juan de Herrada fell ill. It was said that the reason was that Juan Balsa put poison into his food. But what is known for certain is, that he was an old man, and for a year his weapons had never quitted his person, and this illness came upon him as a break-up. As it got worse he travelled with much difficulty. So the}7 went on until they came to Guarochiri; where the reverend Fr. To mas de San Martin and the captain Diego de Agiiero left them, by permission of Don Diego. Juan de Sayavedra and Gomez de Alvarado, and the factor, went with them as far as Jauja, and returned from thence by stealth to Lima. At Guarochiri Juan de Herrada became much reduced by his illness, and seeing that he could not personally govern the camp, he spoke with Don Diego and with the captains, and advised them to accept the captains Cristobal de Sotelo and Garcia de Alvarado as Generals and leaders. This was ill-planned advice, and could not turn out well. An empire, however wide and great it may be, cannot be duly governed by two heads. And how much the less so where there is only a handful of people to be governed? But as it is not for me to represent the things done by those who were in Peru at that time as having been wisely and prudently ordered, I shall merely set them down as they happened, and after the manner in which the}' ordered them. I/O CIVIL WARS OF PERU CHAPTER L How the General Pero Alvarez Holguin, after he had been accepted and sworn as General near Parcos, continued his march in the direction of Jauja ; and hoiv Gaspar Rodriguez de Camporedondo, while reconnoitring the country, captured the men who were in that province on behalf oj Don Diego. IN the preceding chapters we mentioned how Captain Pero Alvarez Holguin, after he had been sworn in as Captain General, moved from the place where he was, with the intention of approaching the province of Jauja to obtain fuller knowledge of the proceedings of the men of Chile. Those twelve men sent by Don Diego from Lima, had arrived at Jauja to attend to the things we have said the}' were sent to do. They endeavoured to cement their friendship with the Guancas. But those Indians are very knowing, and were already aware of the arrival of Vaca de Castro, and of how Alonso da Alvarado had declared in Chachapoyas, and Pero Alvarez in Cuzco against the insurgents. So they concluded that it would be prudent to keep in with the Pachacama party. They were asked whether they had received word or knew anything of whether the Christians of Cuzco were coming. They replied that they knew nothing. And though they were well aware that Pero Alvarez was near their valley, they would not tell. Indeed certain Indians went to Pero Alvarez to report the state of affairs, and on this knowledge he sent Gaspar Rodriguez de Camporedondo to Jauja, to reconnoitre and see if any agents of Don Diego were there; and if so to arrest them. Gaspar Rodriguez, keen to serve the King, set out for Jauja, and surprised the Spaniards there at night and made them prisoners. He returned with them to Pero Alvarez, who ordered two to be hanged. lie then WAR OF CHUPAS I7 I ' Two old captains who served under the elder Almagro. took counsel with his officers, and they resolved to deceive the enemy by telling the truth. It was in this way. As they would pass a place quite near the city of Lima, it would be natural to believe that they intended to march in and occupy the city and take possession of it. But if they should give out that they were going on by the mountain road, they would not be believed; and the enemy would come out the more readily to seek them. And thus they would be able to edge off on the road to Caxamarca without danger. So Pero Alvarez released the aforesaid Chile men, and told them to say to Don Diego and his followers that they ought to content themselves with the wrong they had already done, and not lay themselves out to commit more misdeeds ; for punishment would surely overtake them. Pie was marching to Caxamarca because he did not wish to contend with them or give battle—not from any fear of them, but to see whether, having fallen into the error they had, they would turn to seek pardon from the King. Then, as I said, he sent them away and, entering the province of Jauja, he spoke to the Guancas, admonishing them that they should be his loyal friends, and not those of the men of Chile, who were going about opposing the King's in- terest. After saying some other things to them Pero Alvarez presently departed from Jauja. Well, let us return to Don Diego and his people, who were marching towards Jauja in good order, for they had now received news that their agents had been made prisoners. They wanted to learn the facts from one who met them and, thinking that he spoke with some re- serve, Cristobal de Sotelo put him to the'torture. He then admitted that Pero Alvarez was coming with three hundred Spaniards, that he was bringing with him Don Alonso de Montemayor and Vasco de Guevara,1 and that they were 1/2 CIVIL WARS OF PERU on the road near to Bombon. Juan de Herrada was ill; but from a soldier named Zamarrilla, a swift goer who was wont to make his journeys in the dress of an Indian so as not to be known, he got word that Pero Alvarez was certainly marching straight to Bombon and that, being desirous to avoid a battle, he had ordered Zamarrilla, on pain of severe punishment, to say nothing to Don Diego or to the captains. When the others whom Pero Alvarez had sent arrived and confirmed the truth of that general's march, the captains and foremost men of them assembled to decide upon what should be done. Cristobal de Sotelo understood the wiliness of his enemies very well. He said " They want to deceive us with the truth, and what they really intend is to effect a junction with AJvarado. In my opinion we ought to intercept them, for we are quite able to do so." Saying this, he ordered that they should move to encounter the enemy by a short cut lead- ing to the main road. Juan de Herrada, since he did not want to have a battle, would not consent; but made various excuses, saying that the)' should go to Jauja, and that there was time enough to follow them, if they really had taken the road to Bombon. So, as they would not follow the opinion and advice of Cristobal de Sotelo, they moved on in good order towards Jauja, and marched until the)' reached the valley. As they were under the dual command of Cristobal de Sotelo and Garcia de Alvarado there could not be good management, because if one gave an order it seemed inexpedient to the other, and he ordered the con- trary. We have said in other places that Sotelo was judicious. He saw that if he and Garcia de Alvarado were both to be in command, the,cause must be lost. He there- fore said that, in view of this evil, he desired no other authority than his personality, apart from a military rank, secured to him. He added that Garcia de Alvarado was a cavalier of such high standing that he was well able to WAR OF CHUPAS 173 undertake the office of General alone and, with the advice of his captains, he could conduct any war as might be neces- sary. What Sotelo said appeared good to all, and Garcia de Alvarado remained sole General, although most of the soldiers, and even most of the captains, regretted that Sotelo was not their leader. For Sotelo knew well how to treat soldiers, and while keeping strict discipline he was nevertheless beloved. Pero Alvarez, with his people, continued the march to Bombon, much pleased at having passed through the valley of Jauja. He always sent on his scouts in advance of the main body, and a captain and some light, active men were always with the rear guard, so that if the enemy should follow in pursuit they could not take him by surprise and rob the baggage. They marched in good order, always keeping a bright look out. When the men of Chile arrived at Jauja, Cristobal de Sotelo having resigned, and Garcia de Alvarado being in sole command, the captains again met to consult over what should be done. There was great regret that Pero Alvarez had not been pursued, for from Pariacaca they could have turned his front and cut him off. They decided to follow him in very light order, leaving their baggage behind. They set out briskly after the Cuzco party; but the country was very rough, and the fury of the winter was not yet over, the heavens discharging such heavy rains as to swell the rivers, and render progress very laborious for the way- farers. The Indians, seeing the movements that were being attempted, carried off the food supplies and absented them- selves, so as not to have the road covered with the bodies of those whom the Christians, in witness of their cruelty, would work to death and leave behind. All these things made the march so difficult that it was by no means easy for the one camp to overtake the other. i/4 CIVIL WARS OF PERU CHAPTER LI How Doit Diego de Almagro, with his General Garcia de Alvarado, went in pursuit op Pero Alvarez Holguin, and how, after get- ting near to Bonidon, they turned back: also of the death of fuarv de Herrada, and how Pero Alvarez continued his march. THE men of Chile having decided to go in pursuit of Pero Alvarez Holguin in the hope of defeating him, they set out, as related, from Jauja. Juan de Herrada was greatly weakened by his illness, and, being unable to go on with Don Diego, he stayed behind in that valley. But after leaving there and marching with great speed in ex- pectation of overtaking their enemies, as explained before, they were unable, owing to the great difficulties of the road, to come up with the troops of Pero Alvarez, although they overtook his baggage and did some mischief to it. The general opinion now was that they would do well to go back to Jauja, and continue their march from thence direct to Guamanga and the great city of Cuzco. The object was to increase their army with the men they might find in those cities, make artillery, and wait to see how Vaca de Castro would enter the Realm, and whether he would join hands with the partisans of the Pizarros. And then, according to his policy, they would decide what they had best do. The enmity and hatred they felt against Gdmez de Tordoya was very great, because they said he was the principal cause of Pero Alvarez having aban- doned his expedition to the Chunchos and returned to Cuzco. They wanted to take revenge on him for that.1 So when they resolved to give up the chase after Pero 1 They had already murdered his son, the gallant boy who defended the Marquis. WAR OF CHUPAS 1/5 1 Other authorities called him Rada, and they were followed by Prescott and Helps. Cieza de Leon is right. The name was Herrada. I am unable to concur in Mr. Prescott's estimate of the character of this man. I cannot find any authority for that historian's statement that Herrada was of good family, and he certainly had no experience in high military commands. Herrada came to Peru with Pedro de Alvarado as a common soldier of mature years. Deserting Alvarado he entered the service of the elder Almagro, remained with him until his death, and then attended his young half-caste son to Lima, obtaining unbounded influence over him. He originated the plot for the murder of Pizarro, and was the ringleader in that atrocious crime. None of Almagro's old captains, except Chaves, and no man of honour, would have anything to do with it. Herrada had force of character, but neither prudence nor ability. By inducing young Almagro to make him his General above the heads of better men, he affronted and estranged the old captains and friends of the young half-caste's late father. His murders of Pizarro's secre- tary, of Francisco de Chaves and others, were acts of folly which no able conspirator would have perpetrated. The murder of Pizarro may have been partly to avenge the death of his old master, but he and his accomplices were far more influenced by anger at not being provided for. Herrada's last advice to appoint two Generals showed his in- capacity. For young Almagro the death of this ruffian was nought but a good riddance. Alvarez, they returned to Jauja, and there found that Juan de Herrada1 had died of his infirmity; at which all were deeply sorrowful. Here they rested awhile and begged supplies of food from the Indians. Pero Alvarez Holguin continued his march at this point with great labour. The ground was very steep and rugged, the mountain^ passes were snow-covered and excessively cold, the rivers much swollen, and in many places without bridges. He heard how near the enemy had been, and kept his men in good order, animating them to show a bold front to those who were in pursuit. But all the captain's soldiers were so resolved to die in maintaining their cause that exhortations were hardly necessary. They were con- stantly on the alert, and never tired of keeping their arms by them, to see if those men of Chile would join issue with them. When those in the rear guard knew that the enemy had turned back, the march was continued in splendid order, with scouts always in advance to keep them in- .76 CIVIL WARS OK PERU formed. The Indians being so addicted to lying, and caring so little for speaking the truth, spread reports that parties were coming against them from in front, and* that the men of Chile were still pressing forward in their rear. This caused some trouble and disquiet, for they received many false alarms. The ensigns went forward with the banners and the royal standard. The way, as we have said, was very difficult and the rivers swollen and many without bridges, so that, in the hurry of crossing, some Spaniards, horses, and Indians were drowned. They marched on until the}7 came to an ancient fortress of the Incas, former kings of these regions. The name of it is Tambo, and it stands half way between Jauja and Caxamarca. The position where the fortress and its barracks stood, was a strong one, and Pero Alvarez resolved to rest there, both Spaniards and horses being much fatigued. While they were there the General, his captains, and head men consulted together as to what should be done, and it was agreed that messengers should be sent from thence to the licentiate Vaca de Castro, to let him know what had been done in the service of his Majesty, and that they were then in search of him, and to ask also for his commands as to what they should further do in the king's interests. The)' chose Luis de Leon as their messenger, a citizen of Arequipa; Juan Alonso Palomino and Diego de Torres were ordered to go to Guaraz and ascertain where the captain Alonso de Alvarado was, for they now knew from the men they had captured at Jauja, and from the Indians, that he had raised the banner in the service of the king and was awaiting, with a strong force of Spaniards, the arrival of Vaca de Castro. The messen- gers took letters from Pero Alvarez and his captains to persuade Alonso de Alvarado to come and join forces with them, the one wish and desire of all being to serve the king. And then they could move forward with all despatch, WAR OF CHUPAS 177 that Vaca de Castro might know what had happened. The messengers, taking the letters and their credentials, eagerly set out to find Vaca de Castro. They passed through very great danger, for the natives, at a village called Taca, see- ing them so few in number, came out to kill them. Scarcely had they got there with their despatches when the Indians attacked them with great boldness ; but in the end, as they were valiant soldiers, the)- passed on and arrived at the camp of Alonso de Alvarado. When that captain heard that Pero Alvarez was coming with such a brilliant com- pany, and whole-hearted readiness to serve the King, he rejoiced. But for them to suppose that he would- place himself under the command of Pero Alvarez and be his subordinate, when he had formerly been his superior, he looked upon as folly, and determined that it should not be. Instead, he answered the messengers equivocally, and fur- thermore offered excuses in his letters, which appeared fair, in order that no discord should arise. As soon as Pero Alvarez Holguin had despatched the messengers, he departed from that fortress and took the same road they went by, always maintaining good order among his troops. The Indians came out to attack the rear-guard and see if they could plunder any part of the baggage. In this manner, and with very great labour owing to the rugged nature of the track, they arrived at a village named Guaraz in the province of Guaylas, where they found plenty of food. They then consulted about what should be done next, and decided upon waiting there for the reply of Vaca de Castro, to see whether he would come quickly to that part. For with the enemy in rear, nothing was to be gained in despoiling the country and consuming sup- plies, since they must perforce go back the way the}- came. And so with the approval of all, Pero Alvarez established his camp there, fixed the standard in the midst of the officers' quarters, and the banners in their order, leaving an N CIVIL WARS OF PERU open space for any needs that might arise. Pero Alvarez ordered that there was to be no ill-treatment of the Indians, on pain of severe punishment, but that the)' were to be treated fairly and their food supplies taken only in modera- tion; but this order was of little avail. The flocks and other things that were robbed and taken from the Indians cannot lightly be told; yet there is no other way for it in such times. CHAPTER LII How the captain Alonso de Alvarado, on getting the news of Pero Alvarez Holguin, sent another messenger to Vaca de Castro urging him to come to where the camp was with all possible speed. IT was very fortunate for Vaca de Castro that he should have found so much loyalty in the Realm; and that now that Don Diego had usurped the government of the provinces, his Majesty the King our Lord should have had vassals of a kind who would not countenance so weighty an offence, nor allow any one to occupy the Realm against his royal pleasure. Although his Majesty has pronounced the battle that was fought at Chupas to have been just, I will not, in my book, term Don Diego and his followers traitors, for two reasons; as to which, if they are not evident, I submit to correction by those wise and learned men who under- stand these things better than I do. I say then, that the principal reason is that Vaca de Castro brought no mandate or commission to fight a battle. The second is that Don Diego and his followers would have supported Vaca de Castro if the latter had not joined with Pero Alvarez; and further, because the object of the Chile party, at first, was to avenge the death of the Adelantado by murdering WAR OF CHUPAS I 79 1 This was the treason—the murder of the King's Governor. The object of the battle of Chupas was to capture and punish the traitors. the Marquis,1 and if the King should not think fit to pardon them, to retire into the most remote interior. It may be true that they committed a great mistake in that, at the time that they murdered the Marquis, they took the wands of Office from the Alcaldes of Lima, and gave them to men of their own choice: an ill-judged action. But to return to our subject. Alonso de Alvarado had collected all the men within his reach, and had sent his messengers to Vaca de Castro; but when he knew that Pero Alvarez Holguin, with the people of Cuzco and Plata were approaching him, he decided not to go to Quito, where he supposed that he would find Vaca de Castro, but went on with his troops towards the province of Guaylas instead, first sending another messenger to Vaca de Castro. This message was to urge him to join in with the men he had collected, without letting more time elapse. For, praise be to God, things had made such a good beginning, that he and Pero Alvarez had now got together as many as 500 men, to help secure obedience to the will of his Majesty. He asked Vaca de Castro not to delay much in coming, lest Don Diego, who had retired towards Cuzco, should there increase his resources. He wrote other things in his letter too. As soon as Alonso de Alvarado had despatched the messenger, he ordered those who were with him to get read)' to march to Guaylas. So the)' started at once and proceeded until they arrived at a habitation called Yungay, one day's journey from the camp of Pero Alvarez. Thence they wrote very gracious letters, and some of the one camp visited those of the other. Here they stayed, waiting for news of the Governor Vaca de Castro: where we will leave them for the present, and tell of what Don Diego de Almagro did. i So CIVIL WARS OF PERU CHAPTER LIII How Don Diego de Almagro's captains, being in the province of Jauja, agreed that he and no other should be General, and that Cristdbal de Sotelo should be Camp Master; and hoiv they were for sending Garcia de Alvarado to Lima, which was opposed by Sotelo. ±-J with him were deeply grieved when the death of Juan de Herrada became known to them. The captains and principal men consulted together about sending a captain to Lima for iron to make arms, and other things that were necessary; and some proposed that it should be Garcia de Alvarado, with a hundred horsemen and fifty arquebusiers. When this was agreed to, Cristobal de Sotelo, with others who viewed discreetly the evils that such an errand would arouse, and knew that the soldiers would rob the city and cause trouble and give offence, opposed it; which Garcia de Alvarado bitterly resented. This having been settled, the soldiers publicly declared that they wanted no other General than the lad Don Diego, and that Cristobal de Sotelo should be their Camp Master. The principal men entered into consultation over this and agreed that it should be so, although Garcia de Alvarado showed himself aggrieved, because it de- prived him of the command. From that time forward Don Diego took up the duties of Captain General, and Cristobal de Sotelo those of Camp Master. It was then determined that the Camp Master Cristobal de Sotelo should set out with twenty horsemen, lightly equipped, and ride to the city of Cuzco to try and gather some friends together; and do what might seem to him DIEGO DE ALMAGRO and those who were WAR OF CHUPAS iSl best. So he promptly started with twenty mounted men lightly equipped, and marched until he arrived at Gua- manga, where he halted for a few days; and then con- tinued onwards to Cuzco. Garcia de Alvarado, when he saw that Sotelo was placed before him and sent to Cuzco to do what he liked, was deeply chagrined, and began to entertain hatred against him. Even his friendship for Don Diego became weaker, and was no longer so thorough as it was at the beginning. And thus he became very luke- warm in his Chief's interests. The'Camp Master Cristobal de Sotelo, travelling very rapidly, arrived at Cuzco, where he called a meeting of the municipal councillors to get them to turn round and accept Don Diego as Governor. Felipe Gutierrez, when he heard of the arrival of Sotelo in the settlement, wanted to slip away or go and hide himself at Santo Domingo; but Sotelo being warned of this, sent certain men who arrested him, and he was brought to the muni- cipal building. Then Sotelo took the money he found there, belonging to Francisco de Caravajal and Bachicao and other persons who had joined Pero Alvarez, for the expenses of the war. He then ordered Diego Mendez, with twenty horsemen, and some arquebusiers among them, to proceed to the town of Plata, and have Don Diego ac- knowledged there as Governor, since his Majesty had given that Government to the Adelantado Don Diego de Almagro his father. When the captain Diego Mendez arrived in the province of Charcas, where this town of Plata is situated, Antonio Alvarez (a settler there), Luis de Villanueva, and some others, not wishing to serve Don Diego nor give countenance to Diego Mendez, absented themselves, as they were unable to make any show of resistance. Diego Mendez wrote to Antonio Alvarez to come to him, promising that he would see to it that Don Diego should be lenient with him. Antonio Alvarez IS2 CIVIL WARS OF PERU replied that he was not going to be a traitor. Other negociations followed and things happened, but finally Antonio Alvarez, Villanueva, Vivanco, and others were taken into custody. Diego Mendez, after he had made them acknowledge Don Diego as Governor, and had in- stalled Juan de Vera as lieutenant, went on to the rich mines of Porco, where he seized upwards of 60,000 pesos de oro that were there, and all the horses and arms he could find ; and he returned to the great city of Cuzco with the whole of it. CHAPTER LIV How, after he had despatched messengers to many parts, the Governor Vaca de Castro resolved to leave Quito and go to join the captain Alonso de Alvarado. IT has been related how letters from Alonso de Alvarado were given to Vaca de Castro at Carangue, informing him that he, Alvarado, had ranged himself on the side of the King, against the Chile party, and of other matters, and how Vaca de Castro received the news with great satisfaction and sent messengers to the Bracamoros and other parts, calling upon the people to join him in pro- curing punishment of Don Diego for having murdered the Marquis and usurped the government. When it was known in the coast towns that Vaca de Castro was at Quito several came to join him and, with those brought by him- self and by Belalcazar, they made up the force there as- sembled to 120 men. And as he got word that Pedro de Vergara was coming very willingly to join, with all the Spaniards he had with him, Vaca de Castro determined, since his affairs were having so good a beginning, to set out from Quito; leaving Hernando Sarmiento there as his Lieutenant-Governor. But he first ordered the Adelantado WAR OF CHUPAS 183 Belalcazar to go on ahead with twenty horsemen and scour the country; for having subdued the natives of that region himself, he was so well known to them, that he could ensure a supply of provisions at all the halting places along the route they would take. Belalcazar said that he would do as he was ordered, and leaving Quito by the royal road, he called at Pansaleo and La Tacunga, and went on until he came to the royal lodgments at Tome- bamba. Here he met the captain Diego de Mora, and one Barrientos and others who, with a desire to serve the King, were coming to join Vaca de Castro. Among them came the captain Francisco Nunez, the same who was banished from Lima when they put Francisco de Chaves to death. To escape being punished for having been present at the murder of the Marquis, he pretended that he had come to join Vaca de Castro, and when he knew that the Adelantado Belalcazar was there, he spoke to him requesting that he would so far favour him as to see that he was not hardly dealt with. Although Belalcazar knew that he was one of the most culpable in the murder of the old Marquis, and that Vaca de Castro was anxious to capture the authors of that misdeed, and to inflict punishment com- mensurate with the greatness of the crime they had com- mitted, he was not only content to let him escape, but, that he might get away without being seen by Vaca de Castro, he gave him a horse, telling him to ride until he was within his (Belalcazar's) government, where he would have nothing to fear. When Vaca de Castro knew that Diego de Mora and the others were coming to join him, he rejoiced greatly and advanced as far as Tomebamba, still accompanied by Aldana, Maldonado, Valdivieso, and other friends; while to those he found at Tomebamba he showed great regard, and spoke very gratefully. But when he learnt that Belal- cazar, without his knowledge or consent, had lent a friendly CIVIL WARS OF PERU hand to Francisco Nunez de Pedroso, he resented it deeply, and sending for Belalcazar immediately, rebuked him with some asperity; and from that time forth he did not trust the Adelantado as before. He wrote at once to Sarmiento, his lieutenant at Quito, urging him to use diligence in finding out by what road the captain Francisco Nunez had travelled, and to arrest him, that he might be punished. But although Sarmiento did his best, he was unable to catch the fugitive, because the guide given him by Belal- cazar well knew how to elude pursuit and get within the Adelantado's government, where Nunez joined the captain Juan Cabrera, and they went together to Antioquia. At this royal seat of Tomebamba they told the Gov- ernor Vaca de Castro certain things which I will not affirm to be positively true, because I have not met with an informant who states that he heard them himself, and also because Belalcazar was a friend of the Pachacama part}-, and had been one of the Marquis' captains. What they alleged was that he said he approved of the murder of the Marquis, that Don Diego had done well in killing him to avenge the death of his father, and that he showed himself a friend of Don Diego; besides other things which were not proper to be said at such a time. When Vaca de Castro was made aware of this, he was very seriously annoyed, and regretted that he had brought Belalcazar with him. He would have ordered him to return, had he not feared that many of those who had come with him would not themselves care to remain on seeing him go back. The anger and worry he felt on learning that Belalcazar had said such things brought on a fever, of which Vaca de Castro became ill. He said nothing to Belalcazar then, but continued his journey to San Miguel, people joining him day by day from all parts - to serve his Majesty. He reached the city of Piura and, after having been welcomed as Governor, he departed, having a strong WAR OF CHUPAS 185 desire the while to find some pretext for dismissing Belal- cazar. Presently they arrived at the village of Carrochamba, where Yaca de Castro found the children of the Marquis who, since they heard of his coming, had been waiting for him there, as well as the widow of Francisco Martin de Alcantara. Vaca de Castro went to visit them before he entered his own lodging, and consoled them by saying that now that it had pleased God that the Marquis should be slain, they need not be anxious, for he would punish the authors of the deed, and the heirs should be restored to their estates. After Vaca de Castro had been four or five days in Carrochamba, certain arquebusiers arrived, who had been sent by the captain Vergara; for when Sandoval and all those who were with him arrived, Vergara determined to set out to serve his Majesty. To avoid any difficulty about provisions, he would not come to where Yaca de Castro then was, but awaited him farther on, though in the meanwhile he sent the arquebusiers as a bodyguard for the Governor. The Governor was pleased at their arrival. Be- fore this he had directed one Carreño by name, a very swift runner, to go to Lima dressed as an Indian, with a copy of his commission, in order that he should be acknowledged as Governor. This Carreño bound himself to perform, and he went with the despatch and letters to Lima, arriving there at a time when Don Diego was very near the city, so he smuggled himself into the monaster)7 of Santo Domingo. When the Provincial, Friar San Martin, learnt the contents of the documents he was much relieved and told the news to the aldermen, who thereupon assembled in the church, where they agreed to accept Jeronimo de Aliaga as lieutenant, though it is said that they at first chose Francisco de Barrionuevo. 186 CIVIL WARS OF PERU CHAPTER LV Of what passed in the camp of Pero Alvarez Holguin, and how the Camp Master Gomez de Tordoya and the captain Garcilaso de la \rega set out fro)n thence and went to meet the Governor Vaca de Castro. i I 7"E related, in previous chapters, how the General Pero V V Alvarez Holguin arrived in the province of Guaraz with his people, and how Gomez de Tordoya was Camp Master and second in command. When they got there and learnt for certain that Vaca de Castro was coming nearer to Quito they sent messengers to him, and also to Captain Alonso de Alvarado. Now Carreño, who went with the Governor's commission to the city of Lima, had passed that way and spread the report that Vaca de Castro and all who were coming with him said publicly that the credit of all that had been done in Cuzco and the Charcas was due to Gomez de Tordoya, and to no other. Although Tordoya heard this, he was prudent and desirous to serve the King, so he did not pay any heed to it. Pero Alvarez felt differently, and appeared much annoyed on hearing of such gossip; and to excite him the more, his friends made trouble between him and Gomez de Tordoya by say- ing that the latter ought to be turned out of the camp and not be allowed in it, that it might be learnt and under- stood whether he was a party to the statement, or had given countenance to it, that it might work his own ends. Pero Alvarez inconsiderately sent Captain Castro to arrest Gomez de Tordoya, and this was done. Castro went one morning to the lodging of Gomez de Tordoya, with some soldiers, and carried out his orders, whereby Tordoya was caused great hardship. Without letting his intention be known Tordoya left Guaraz, armed and mounted, to go and WAR OF CHUPAS l87 join Vaca de Castro. As the captain Garcilaso de la Vega was a first cousin of Tordoya,1 and so highly esteemed by all present there, Pero Alvarez consented that he also should leave the camp. Garcilaso did so, giving the banner of his company to his ensign Pedro de Fuentes. The two knights having met together, took the road towards Truxillo, where they believed Vaca de Castro was. After they had gone, the General Pero Alvarez Holguin made an explanation in presence of the soldiers, in order that they might not blame him for his treatment of Tor- doya. He also wrote a letter to the latter, inviting him very earnestly to come back, for that it was by the speeches of prejudiced men that he had been induced to act as he did, for which he now felt regret. Tordoya, when he had seen the letter, replied that he would go to meet Yaca de Castro, and he would be a good friend to him, and of that he might be assured. So he went on until he found Vaca de Castro. The captain Alonso de Alvarado came several times from his camp to that of Pero Alvarez to enjoy friendly intercourse with those who were there, and they remained more than four months collecting supplies in the neighbourhood whilst waiting for the arrival of the Governor Vaca de Castro, with a strong desire to start at once in search of their enemies. So we will quit speaking of them, and say a little about the Governor Yaca de Castro. Hernando de Vargas =-f= Beatriz de Tordoya Alonso de Vargas 1--- Alonso Hinestrosa de Vargas Fernando de Vargas Garcilaso de la Vega Gomez de Tordoya Garcilaso Inca de la Vega Alonso de Vargas (Page to the Marquis Pizarro) iSS CIVIL WARS OF PERU CHAPTER LVI How the Governor I 'etca de Castro ordered the Adelantado Belalcazar to return to his government, and how he was informed of Pero Alvarez having entered into Guaraz; and hoiv, being at Motupe, Don Alonso de Moniemayor and the captain Vasco de Guevara came to him there. AFTER the arquebusiers who were sent by Captain Pedro de Vergara arrived, a messenger named Fran- cisco de las Balsas, also sent by Vergara, came with the news that Pero Alvarez had taken the field in the service of the King against Don Diego, and that he and Gomez de Tordoya were at Guaraz with a strong force, waiting for the Governor's arrival. The Governor was heartily pleased with this news, and rendered devout thanks to our Lord. And there was great satisfaction among all those who were with him, looking forward to the hour that would see them united with the men under the captains Pero Alvarez and Alonso de Alvarado, for there were upwards of 400 Spaniards, very brilliant men, and many of them cavaliers of high birth. He learnt too that the captains Pedro Anzures and Garcilaso de la Vega and the people of the town of Plata had united with Pero Alvarez, and that Don Diego had followed them to near Bombon, and everything else that had hap- pened. When the Governor Vaca de Castro had received such joyful news, than which none other could afford him greater happiness, he considered, since he was still feeling dissatisfied at having the Adelantado Belalcazar in his company, that this gave him a pretext for ordering him to return. He, therefore, spoke to Lorenzo de Aldana, and instructed him to tell Belalcazar that the time had now come for him to return to his own government, where the natives were in revolt and required to be brought into subjection ; WAR OF CHUPAS and that now that Alonso de Alvarado and Pero Alvarez, with so many cavaliers, had declared themselves servants of the king, his services could be dispensed with. The Adelantado replied, to what Lorenzo de Aldana had said to him on the part of the Governor, that he was there to serve his Majesty, that he ought not to be ordered to return, because it would be a very great disgrace for him to go back in that manner, and it would be said that it had been for another reason. The Governor ordered his secretary, Sebastian de Merlo, to go the lodgings of the Adelantado and to notify him by command on the part of his Majesty, that he was required to return at once to his own government to place it in order, because this was desirable for the service of the King our Lord; and that, if he did not do so, he could not be looked upon as doing the king's service, nor be regarded as possessing the loyalty that was expected from him as a subject and Governor of the king. The Governor ordered that this should be notified to the Adelantado Belalcazar apart, where no other person could overhear. Merlo went immediately to do this, and arrived in the presence of Adelantado. On reading the order of Yaca de Castro, Belalcazar was very much disturbed, and directed the people who were with him, and who had come from his government, to accompany him to the Governor Vaca de Castro. Merlo went before him, to apprise Vaca de Castro of the coming of Belalcazar with his followers. Without making any fuss, Yaca de Castro ordered the cavaliers who were with him to be watchful lest Belalcazar should attempt anything [in the nature of violence], and directed the arquebusiers to be ready, with arquebuses in their hands. Belalcazar came, accompanied by his fol- lowers, to where Vaca de Castro was, and when their arrival was announced the latter ordered that he be allowed to enter. Belalcazar entered alone, with a rueful countenance, CIVIL WARS OF THRU and said that he was astonished at what had been com- municated to him with reference to returning to his government. His departure from it, as the Governor knew, was to serve his Majesty in this campaign, and not to return until Don Diego had been punished for his insur- rection in the Realm of Peru. If he returned, some people would think that there was some sufficient cause for it, or that he had shown himself an approver and favourer of Don Diego. Having heard what Belalcazar said, and his arguments to clear himself of the impression the Governor had of him, Vaca de Castro replied with very serious words. He said that he did not doubt that Belalcazar had always shown himself to be a very loyal servant of his Majesty, who had entrusted him as such with the government of a distant province. He, Yaca de Castro, would not have thought any other thing of Belalcazar if it had not come to his certain knowledge that he, and his people, had favoured Francisco Xiiñez de Pedroso, so that he might escape with- out hindrance or punishment, and had supplied him with a horse and guides to conduct him by a route where he could not be found; also in Quito, and other places, he had not only tried to show, but had given to understand by his words, that Don Diego had acted very properly in putting the Marquis to death. For these reasons, and because the captains up beyond had upheld the king's word with great energy, he had sent to order Belalcazar to return to his government. He now again admonished the Adelantado to do so, for he had not yet secured tranquillity among the natives of his government nor had they ceased to be rebellious. The Adelantado would gladly have gone onwards, and not returned to his government, as he felt that it would bring disgrace upon him; but though he protested much, it did not avail with Vaca de Castro. Seeing that he would have to return, he said it would appear to his followers as WAR OF CHUPAS IQ1 if he had committed some fault, and he asked that an order might be given to obviate this. Vaca de Castro, to content him, wrote from there to his Majesty the king, saying that the Adelantado returned to do his duties in the govern- ment to which he had been appointed, because, in Peru, Pero Alvarez and Alvarado had declared for the king's service, and the Adelantado's help was no longer neces- sary. This was written that his Majesty might not consider he had always been ill served by the Adelantado. And to satisfy those who were with him it was agreed that he returned because he was an old man and had so much to attend to in his own government. Next day, the Adelantado took his leave, and all that we have related was done, and it was believed that the Governor had no feeling against him. He was attended by the men from Cali and others who were in his company, until the)' arrived at Quito, whence they proceeded to the government of Popayan. While at the same place Vaca de Castro received news that the messengers from the captains were near at hand, at which he rejoiced. Presently he continued the journey until he arrived at the buildings of Cayambe, where the messengers reached him, and delivered the letters from the captains. From them Vaca de Castro was glad to gain full particulars of all they had done. He made the mes- sengers very welcome, and he sent back very gracious letters, giving the captains to understand that his Majesty would grant them substantial rewards, as they had proved themselves loyal servants. He added that he would use all possible despatch to join them, admonishing them to pre- serve concord in the meanwhile among themselves, and to treat the Indians in such wise that the)' would have no grievance, and would not absent themselves on account of any ill usage. He wrote in like strain to the captain Alonso de Alvarado, and to the cavaliers and soldiers who were with him. 192 CIVIL WARS OF PERU At this time, Vaca de Castro's commission having arrived, he had been acknowledged as Governor through- out the Realm, excepting the part where Don Diego and his captains held sway. In the rest, the Justices were for the king and in his name. Gomez de Tordoya, when he left the camp at Guaraz to seek Vaca de Castro, came as far as Truxillo, where the latter was expected, it being known that he was on the way. Don Alonso de Monte- mayor and the captain Vasco de Guevara went on to join Yaca cle Castro, leaving the camp of Pero Alvarez, with his permission, before he halted at Guaraz. Although at Truxillo they heard that Vaca de Castro had left Quito, they did not wait there, but pushed on to meet him. Yaca de Castro marched until he reached the valley of Jayanque, where Don Alonso de Montemayor, Vasco de Guevara, and Pedro cle Vergara, with the men brought from Braca- moros, happened to be awaiting him. Vaca de Castro was much pleased when he met them there, and especially so at the arrival of Vergara, praising the zeal he had shown in coming forward to serve his Majesty. He then asked Don Alonso and Vasco de Guevara several questions about what happened in Lima at the time the Marquis was killed, and was informed by them. Some of those who came with the Governor counselled him not to trust Guevara nor Don Alonso either, as they had been very close friends of the Adelantado Don Diego de Almagro. Though he did not show that he felt any suspicion of them, he took care that their arrival should cause no mischief. But they were both resolved to serve his Majesty. Don Alonso cle Montemayor was always very loyal, as he appeared afterwards at the * time when the the Viceroy came to Peru, for he was one of those who followed and served him most diligently. WAR OF CHUPAS 193 CHAPTER LVI I How the captain Pedro de Vergara spoke to the Governor Vaca de Castro about providing some relief for the soldiers who had come with him, and how the Governor arrived at Truxillo. AS the captain Pedro de Vergara had been engaged for a long time in the subjugation of the Bracamoros, indeed, ever since the battle of Las Salinas, those who came with him had worn out all their clothing. Their need was so great, that they spoke to Pedro de Vergara, their leader, to ask the Governor Vaca de Castro to afford them some relief, by reason of their great desire to serve the king. Vaca de Castro heard from the captain of their condition, and ordered equipment and things they were in want of, to the value of 10,000 pesos de oro, to be provided for them. With this help they were much pleased and contented. Vaca de Castro did nothing without consulting Lorenzo cle Aldana, and he intended to nominate him Camp Master of the army which was mustering where the captains were encamped. After having rested a sufficient time they started for the city of Truxillo, and when the citizens and dwellers in that place learnt that Vaca cle Castro had come they received him with great willing- ness, and showed a desire to serve his Majesty in all that the Governor might direct. So he was personally acknow- ledged as Governor in the presence of the assembled regidores and alcaldes, as commanded by his Majesty's royal authority. Since leaving Spain, the Governor Vaca de Castro had passed through great hardships, and had made long journeys. He was a man of refined habits and had only been accustomed to work in his study, so that he now found himself much broken down and needing rest. But O 194 CIVIL WARS OK PERU to think of stopping still in any place until Don Diego should return to his Majesty's service or be obliged, by force of arms, to give up calling himself Governor (to which he had no title whatever) and surrender the province he had occupied, seemed to him a mistake. So he was anxious to leave Truxillo promptly, and during the days he was there he busied himself with disposing affairs as seemed best for the task in hand. At Truxillo he found Gomez de Tordoya and Garcilaso de la Vega, with whom he spent much of his time. On learning the reason of their coming he spoke to them most amicably, saying that among gentlemen there should be no discord nor cause for enmity. He added that his Majesty would be informed of their services, and that the}- should be well rewarded. Some say that Gomez de Tordoya spoke well of the affairs of Pero Alvarez; others say that he did not, but rather gave the Governor to understand that the greater part of the honour of having raised the banner in Cuzco in the name of his Majesty belonged to himself alone, and that Pero Alvarez already knew at Lima, before he came to Cuzco to invade the Chunchos, that the Mar- quis was doomed to suffer death at the hands of the men of Chile—and that if Pero Alvarez had been chosen General, 'twas in order that he and those with him should not declare for Don Diego against the loyalists, who were so few that they would not have been able to obtain their desire (which was to serve the King) if he had wanted to prevent it. And further, that Pero Alvarez was so ambitious to have charge and command, that if the present holder shoiild wish to deprive him of it, it would not take much for him to become an enemy, or to refuse obedience. They also say that when Vaca de Castro heard those things, he was much chagrined, but concealed his emotion that it might not be thought he feared lest Pero Alvarez, feeling his own power, would not pursue the war under his WAR OF CHUPAS 195 authority. Presently he ordered all those who were going with him to get ready to start at once, because letters from both camps had arrived, urging him not to delay joining the other forces, but rather to hurry on their union in the interests of his Majesty's service. When those in the city of Truxillo saw that the Governor wanted to depart, they entered into consultation to discuss which would be the best route for him to take. Some thought that he ought to go to Lima, assemble all the men he could collect there, and go up with them to Jauja, where the other captains should be ordered to join him with their respective forces. Others thought that unsuitable, and that he should first go to Guaraz and be acknowledged by officers and men as Governor and Captain-general. It was finally decided that he should go first to Guaraz; and this opinion being assented to by all, he departed from the city of Truxillo, leaving Diego de Mora as Lieutenant and Justice, in the King's name. He marched, with those who had mustered to accompany him, until they reached the valley known as Santa, where he took the road up into the mountains. How the Governor Vaca de Castro, leaving t/ie plains, ascended from Santa by the mountain road, and hoiv he met Gomez de Alvarado, and was annoyed on learning that he came without permission from Alonso de Alvarado; and how the Provincial, Fr. Tonids de San Martin, also arrived. HPHE Governor Vaca de Castro arrived at a coast valley 1 they call Santa, where there is a large river, and where great edifices and houses, now in ruins, formerly stood. The plains and meadow lands along the banks of the river were covered with brambles and cane-brakes and dense CHAPTER LVI 11 196 CIVIL.WARS OF PERU bush, where great quantities of mosquitos are bred; and at the time when Yaca de Castro was there these were by no means few. It was a great plague, and tormented the Governor and those who were with him to such an extent that, without tarrying long amidst such malign company, hast\- preparations were made for ascending the heights. They followed the road to the right of the provinces of Moro and Ouizquiz,1 taking a supply of provisions with them, and some Indians who carried the baggage. The captain Pedro Vergara had remained in Truxillo, to gather in some men who had stayed behind, but in a short time he overtook the Governor, who was travelling by stages. As the\- ascended to the high elevations in the mountains, that common ailment of the head which overtakes everybody attacked him and most of the others, and used them so ill that they felt like being on the sea. At the end of some days the Governor arrived at a village called Tozal, where he was told by a Spaniard he found there that in the camp of the captain Alonso de Alvarado, some words had passed between the latter and a youth named Gomez de Alvarado " the lad." ' When he heard of the approach of Yaca cle Castro, this young man had quitted the camp without his captain's permission, and was coming to join the Governor. 1 Clerical errors or misprints. Probably Mato and Carhuaz. 2 This was not Gomez the brother of Don Pedro de Alvarado, and one of the old captains of the Adelantado Diego de Alvarado. He appears to have been no relation, and was called Gomez de Alvarado elviozo (the lad) to distinguish him from his namesake. We first hear of him in Cuzco in 1538, as having been arrested by Almagro as a partisan of Pizarro, just before the battle of Las Salinas. He then went with Alonso de Alvarado for the exploration and settlement of Chachapoyas. He afterwards joined Gonzalo Pizarro and was at the battle of Anaquito, when he saved the wounded Belalcazar from the ruffian Bachicao and others who wanted to kill him. Gonzalo Pizarro gave him the government of the Chachapoyas. But he deserted his Chief and joined La Gasca, who made him a captain of cavalry. After Sacsahuana, Gomez de Alvarado "the lad" went to Upper Peru, and when Giron commenced a civil war,die joined Alonso de Alvarado, but was killed in the battle of Chuquinga. Garcilaso confuses him with the other Gomez cle Alvarado. WAR OF CHUPAS 197 Vaca de Castro was displeased on hearing this and the more so in that he should be coming without leave from his captain, Alonso de Alvarado. Calling his secretary, the Governor instructed him to draft an order and go and notify it to Gomez de Alvarado, requiring him, under severe penalties in case of default, to return and place himself under his captain's banner. And he directed Merlo to then go with Gomez, until he had seen him safely under his captain's orders. Presently Merlo started off with the order to do what was commanded by the Governor, and went on until he came to where Gomez de Alvarado was quartered. With him he found the Provincial, Fr. Tomas de San Martin, who, when at Lima, had heard of the coming of Vaca de Castro; and, wishing to further the king's service, had presently set out to meet him, and had now come by way of Guaraz and the place where Alonso de Alvarado had formed his camp, and also by that of Pero Alvarez Holguin. All the officers of both camps enjoyed his corn- pan}-, and he theirs. One da}- when Alonso de Alvarado was in his own camp a coolness took place over some con- tention, and high words passed between that captain and Gomez de Alvarado. The Provincial intervened and made peace between them. Gomez de Alvarado then asked leave of the captain to go and seek for the Governor Vaca de Castro, which leave was refused. So he went out from the camp without leave, and when this became known to the Governor he sent Merlo with the order already mentioned. Arrived at the quarters at Guaylas, Merlo found Friar Tomas and Gomez de Alvarado lodging there, having travelled together from the camp. As Gomez was a cavalier of such high rank, Merlo thought it advisable to inform the Provincial what the Governor had sent him to do. The Provincial listened, and counselled Gomez de Alvarado to set out at once to meet Yaca de Castro, as he was so near. Holding this to be good advice, Gomez ordered his 193 CIVIL WARS OF PERU horse to be saddled and, without letting Merlo know it, promptly rode away to where he thought he would find the Governor. He was ushered before Yaca de Castro and ex- plained his great desire to serve him, and that he had left the camp of Alonso de Alvarado in order to find him the sooner. Yaca de Castro was much annoyed that Gomez de Alvarado should have come in this way, instead of obeying his order to return to the camp of Alonso de Alvarado; but, as there was now no remedy for it, he dissembled his anger before the young man. Presently the)' set out for the station at Guaylas where the Governor and all who were with him suffered in their heads from mountain sick- ness, and felt as if they were on the high seas. Here the Provincial spoke to Yaca de Castro and freely offered his services, and the Governor welcomed him very cordially. From this place Vaca de Castro ordered Gomez de Alvarado to go to the camp of Alonso de Alvarado, as he was in- formed that he had quitted it without leave or assent. He would not allow an)' one to withdraw from the ranks of captains who had done such good service to the king, without their assent. Gomez de Alvarado felt aggrieved that the Governor should order him to return to where the captain Alonso de Alvarado was. He tried by means of words to excuse himself from going, but this availed him nothing. So he went, and the Provincial, Fr. Tomas, went with him; and when the}' arrived, he put himself between the two, and prevailed upon them to make friends. Having arrived at the quarters at Guaylas on Easter eve, the Governor resolved to halt there for two days, with the assent of all who came with him.' 1 The reader will have observed some repetition and confusion in this chapter. It is as Cieza de Leon wrote it. WAR OF CHUPAS 199 CHAPTER LEX How the Governor Vaca de Castro held a review of the Spaniards wiio were with him, and how he sent the captain Lorenzo de Aldana, and also Diego Maldonado, to the camp of Pero Alvarez. AS the Governor had arrived so near to Guaraz, where the Captain-general Pero Alvarez Holguin was en- camped, many came from thence to see him and offer their services for the king, some remaining and others re- turning. And as in these parts of the Indies there is much craft, and men put so little faith in each other, it was not long before they began to sow discord between the Governor and Pero Alvarez: in this way. To Yaca cle Castro they said that Pero Alvarez was suspicious, and that it was his intention, if he were not retained in the rank of General, not to furnish the troops he had raised, nor acknowledge Vaca de Castro as Governor. To Pero Alvarez they said that, owing to what Gomez de Tordoya and Garcilaso cle la Yega had said to Vaca de Castro, he and others who had come from his camp showed no inclination to recog- nize the great service Pero Alvarez had rendered to his Majesty, and advised him not to hand over the banners. While these things that we are relating were going on Vaca de Castro consulted with the Provincial about what they told him. His intention was not to leave the com- mand with Pero Alvarez as General, for it would not be proper that he himself, as Governor for the king, and having to be on the battle-field in person, should share the title of General with any other officer if the enemy attacked them. Pie also intended to bestow the position of Camp-master on Lorenzo de Aldana. The Provincial gave him his opinion as to what would be best for his Majesty's 200 CIVIL WARS OF PERU service, and advised the Governor to send some trust- worth)' persons to explain matters privately to Pero Alvarez and persuade him to conform. The advice of the Provincial appeared to Vaca de Castro to be good, and, seeing that Lorenzo de Aldana, who was an intimate friend and relative of Pero Alvarez, was there, he arranged to send him to speak with Pero Alvarez on his behalf. lie was to say that the Governor had the greatest pleasure in recognizing all the service that Pero Alvarez had clone his Majesty, but he was to persuade him to deliver the banners to Vaca de Castro, because, the Marquis being deceased, he was now the Governor of the Realm by commission from his Majesty as Pero Alvarez was already aware. As to what had been heard of him, that he desired to retain the command, the Governor would promise that,' after himself, no one who was with him or elsewhere in the Realm should have precedence of Pero Alvarez in honour, nor rank above him in the camp. And since Aldana had always been such a loyal servant of his Majesty, and was such a close friend and relative of Pero Alvarez, it was to be expected that he would put his hand to this business in such a way that the king's service would not suffer in any respect. The Governor moreover wished that Diego Maldonado, a citizen of Cuzco, should go with Aldana, as he was a person of importance and well known to all. Lorenzo de Aldana replied cheerfully, expressing a confident hope that the king would be well served by the mission of Diego Maldonado and himself, inasmuch as there could be no reasonable doubt of the loyalty of Pero Alvarez. So they presently set out and arrived at Guaraz in a few days. After having been handsomely welcomed some discussions took place be- tween the parties. Aldana and Maldonado explained to Pero Alvarez the suspicions that had been raised against him, and said that having done such splendid service to WAR OF CHUPAS 201 the king's cause he should not tarnish it by not conform- ing to the Governor's plans. In the end they persuaded him to act with all friendship and loyalty, assuring him that Vaca de Castro would look upon him as the second person in all the camp, and would give him the position of Camp-master. So Pero Alvarez delivered the banners to be given to Vaca de Castro and wrote him a polite letter; and the same was done by the other captains and cavaliers who were there with him. Meanwhile the Governor Vaca de Castro had set out from where he had halted and was approaching the place where Alonso de Alvarado's camp was pitched, on learn- ing which that officer prepared to receive him in the most honourable way possible, with many festoons of sedges and sweet-smelling flowers round about the tent. As the Governor approached, Alvarado and his officers mounted their steeds and rode out to meet him, in their armour, while the footmen came with pikes, cross-bows, and arquebuses, in squadron formation and in fine order,'a.s if ready to fight, that the Governor might see how dexterous they were in military drill. When Alonso de Alvarado came to the Governor, he dismounted to make obeisance, and Vaca de Castro received him very well, commending him for the great service he had done to his Majesty in raising the banner in his royal name, and for the honour he had acquired in having been the first to declare against the party of the men of Chile. Alvarado replied that he had done what he would never cease to do, which was to serve the king. Presently Gomez de Alvarado and the other gentlemen and soldiers composing the cavalry and the squadron came up to kiss hands, and the Governor embraced them all affectionately and gave them sure hopes that the)- would be rewarded for what the}- had done in his Majesty's interests. After saying this and other things they all remounted and went into the camp, where 202 CIVIL WARS OF PERU Vaca de Castro was lodged in quarters that had been prepared for him. He was so happy and contented at seeing himself in command of the troops assembled there. and at finding that Alonso de Alvarado was loyal to him, that he could not conceal his pleasure. How it became known at Guaraz that Vaca de Castro was in the camp of Alonso de Alvarado, and how Captain Castro went thither, and of Vaca de Castro's going to Guaraz and taking command of the troops there, and of what else happened. A S the camp at Guaraz was so near to the camp of reached there quickly, and Pero Alvarez, with the rest, were greatly pleased. For they had been encamped there many days and were anxious to depart. So the}' at once made read)- to welcome the Governor, and Captain Castro presently set out with a small escort for the place where he was quartered. On arriving in Vaca de Castro's presence the latter greeted him with much affection, as a relation of his own through the Countess of Lemos,1 with whom Yaca de Castro also claimed near relationship. 1 The Counts of Lemos derived from Rodriguez Alvarez Osorio, and his wife Aidonca daughter of Alonso-Henriquez, Admiral of Castille. Their son Pedro Alvarez Osorio, who died in 1483, was Count of Lemos by right of his wife, Beatriz de Castro, the heiress of Lemos. His great granddaughter was Beatriz de Castro Osorio, Countess of Lemos. She married a son of the Portuguese Duke of Braganza, and had a son who was the 4th Count of Lemos. Yaca de Castro was a cousin. The 4th Count of Lemos had a daughter Teresa married to the 4th Marquis of Cañete, Viceroy of Peru, and a son Beltran de Castro, governor of Callao under his brother-in-law, to whom Sir Richard Hawkins surrendered, and of whom he said that he was a very noble knight and a perfect gentleman. A later Count of Lemos was Viceroy of Peru. CHAPTER LX news of what was passing WAR OF CHUPAS 203 Captain Pedro Anzures also came out from the camp at Guaraz, by order of Captain Pero Alvarez, because he looked upon him as a very special friend, although there had been some points in dispute between them, too. And Vaca de Castro received Pedro Anzures very cordially. After Pedro Anzures had left Guaraz, Lorenzo de Aldana and Diego Maldonado resolved to go to the Governor and represent Pero Alvarez's keen desire to serve his Majesty, and advised Alvarez, as he was so near, to go himself and see de Castro. He replied that he would go gladly and that he was ready to start. So, leaving their camp well guarded, they set out for that of Alonso de Alvarado, where the Governor was. When Vaca de Castro heard that Pero Alvarez was coming he was very glad, and some gentlemen went out to welcome him. The Governor showed great love and goodwill when he saw Pero Alvarez, and promised to honour him for the good service he had done for his Majesty, and for the satisfactory results throughout the Realm. Pero Alvarez told him of all that had happened since the time when the banner was raised at Cuzco. Gomez de Tordoya, and Garcilaso de la Vega were also there. After Pero Alvarez had spent one day with Vaca de Castro he returned to his camp, not over pleased, some would have us believe, because it seemed to him that it would have been a fair thing to leave him with the rank of General, seeing he had so truly shown himself to be such a loyal servant of his Majesty. As soon as Pero Alvarez was gone, the Governor, Yaca de Castro, after taking the opinions of all the principal people who were with him, determined to go to Guaraz, where the banners were to be delivered to him. Although he was anxious to see the camp united, and placed under his command as Governor, yet he remained for three days, resting after his long and fatiguing journeys. After that, accompanied by Alonso de Alvarado and the rest of the 204 CIVIL WARS OF PERU people, he set out for the camp of Pero Alvarez Holguin. When they arrived there Holguin came out with all the cavaliers and soldiers he had with him, and gave him the most solemn reception that was possible, quoting the name of the king and declaring that all would serve him with the utmost loyalty until they had wrested the Realm from those who had usurped it, and that they acknow- ledged and would obey the Governor in the royal name. Having joyously declared these things they fired off their artillery and arquebuses. .All the horsemen came fully equipped, with lance in hand, and drew up before the Governor to salute him and welcome him on his arrival. He replied to them very gracious!}', thanking them for their services to his Majesty; and all made their obeisance together. Taking the royal standard in his hand, Pero Alvarez Holguin then addressed the Governor. He said that when he, and man}- other cavaliers who were here present, were about to set out for the exploration of the region beyond the Chunchos, they received news of the untoward death of the Marquis and of the great calamity it had brought upon the Realm. Deploring those events they returned to Cuzco, where he, Pero Alvarez, was accepted as Captain-general by all the Spaniards who were there and attended. On being informed that Vaca cle Castro was coming, in the King's name and with his authority, he did not care to risk anything, although his force was increased by those in the lists at Cuzco and was fairly well equipped with arms, artillery, and horses, and with strong wills to chastise the tyranny that had risen up; for it was clear that the evil, if he failed, would be greater than the profits of a success. He had therefore traversed the provinces of Jauja and Bombon as far as to Guaraz, intending to wait there for the Governor's instruc- tions. " And since Our Lord," he continued, " hath guided events prosperous!}', and you are the king's Governor by WAR OF CHUPAS 205 CHAPTER LXI How the captain Pero Alvarez Holguin felt somewhat aggrieved be- cause the standard he had presented was not displayed, and there was even some commotion; and how I'aca de Castro again made public the decree of His Majesty that he held, and requested, by virtue of it, that he be acknowledged as Governor. AS soon as Yaca de Castro ordered the standard which Pero Alvarez presented to him to be taken over the}7 all moved off towards the place where the camp was pitched, which was not far away, and, as there were many tents, it looked like a great town. When they were starting Pero Alvarez observed that the standard the Governor had brought with him was displayed, but not so the one he himself had presented. This hurt his feelings very deep!}'. Some of his friends saw it also, and began to make a dis- turbance, but not so as to reveal the cause of their annoy- ance. Pero Alvarez, prudently dissembling his feelings, rode side by side with Yaca de Castro, who had clearly discerned the other's pique. When the}' arrived at the virtue of the death of the late Marquis,' receive, Sir, the royal standard and the banners which have been raised for this war, under which I and all the cavaliers and soldiers who are here enrol themselves." Vaca de Castro, with very great delight, took the royal standard in his hands, and gave it to Rodrigo de Campo, his captain of the guard, and thus answered Pero Alvarez:— " You have delivered to me the banners and the men who are here. As you are a knight, and coming from such loyal predecessors as were your ancestors, I expected nothing less." He ordered his captain of the guard to keep the standard, because he did not wish to display an}' other than the one he had ordered to be made at Quito. 206 CIVIL WARS OF PERU camp the\' found it all decorated with sedges and green boughs. Before entering the quarters which had been arranged for him, he ordered that all should remain where they were, without moving or going to rest, because he had something to say to them. When the Spaniards heard this, none of them went away: on the contrary, all the captains and other principal people wanted to hear why Vaca de Castro directed them to stav. A high stage was set up covered with a cloth of black velvet, and on it was placed a blue velvet chair. Then, without seating himself, he addressed them with a countenance and mien of great authority, and spoke thus: "Loyal Cavaliers, Renowned Captains, Subjects of Caesar our Emperor and great King:— " I am not unaware, for I well know, of the great loyalty and generous valour which have moved you to serve his Majesty, and to undo the rebellious tyranny which has been set up by Don Diego and those who subserve his nefarious aims. Be assured that the value which his Majesty, and I in his royal name, will put upon such loyalty cannot be overrated. It has pleased God to at length bring me here, after having suffered many perils by the way and endured such illnesses and unrest as you all now know. I do not think lightly of telling you these things; but rather do I rejoice and feel it a great happiness, and congratulate myself that, with your favour, I ma)r now perform whatsoever is fitting in the king's interest. My desire will be to reward and gratify each according to his service. That my coming might be known in this illustrious arm)', I sent forward a copy of his Majesty's decree commissioning me to govern these Realms to Captain Pero Alvarez, and to the other officers belonging to it; and now it is proper, having seen the original document, that you should receive and acknow- ledge me anew as Governor and Captain-general." WAR OF CHUPAS 20/ When he had said this he took out the commission and ordered the secretary to read it aloud, and all, holding up their right hands, began to shout out: "Long live the King! " and that they took and held Vaca de Castro to be their Governor. He then turned to them and said that he had to apportion the land among them all. Having finished his speech, the Governor stepped down and went to his lodging, where the captains Alonso de Alvarado, Pero Alvarez Holguin, Garcilaso de la Vega, Lorenzo de Al- dana, Diego de Rojas, Pedro Anzures, and Don Pedro Puertocarrero, with many other captains, remained with him. He observed to them that since there are citizens and councillors in all the cities of the Realm, those of each place should meet together and elect municipal officers, to acknowledge him as Governor, just as the arm)' had recog- nized him as Captain-General: and this they presently did. Then Yaca de Castro retired to rest, and the cap- tains and cavaliers did the same; where we will leave them for the present, in order to say a little about Don Diego de Almagro. Hoiv, when Don Diego de Almagro arrived at the city of Guamanga, Martin Carrillo, his Camp Master, killed Baltanas; and of his departure from Guamanga for Cuzco, and hoiv he supplied himself with arms, and constructed artillery. ON DIEGO DE ALMAGRO arrived at Guamanga, and went to the place where lodgings had been pre- pared for him, and all the inhabitants made a show of great zeal for his service, so that he should not earn- them off with him. The city was nearly deserted, however, the rest of the inhabitants having joined Pero Alvarez. His Ensign- CHAPTER LXII 20S CIVIL WARS OF PERU general, Gonzalo Pereira, because they had not found him a lodging promptly enough, went to the public square in a great rage, and, seeing the gibbet which was set up in the centre, he leaned his standard against it, and with no little arrogance, as if he ought to be thought of before his commander, exclaimed that here should be his lodging, since he was not fit for anything better, for they had given him none. Judgments are of God, and in them he shows His great power. Here was this officer, carrying the standard as an emblem and precious object, and rest- ing it against the gallows, where, afterwards, all the captains and principal persons who followed the part)' of Almagro were put to death by judicial sentence. Don Diego was very angry when he heard of it. The office of Camp Master had devolved on Martin Car- rillo.1 At Guamanga he had arrested Baltanas on some not very important charge, and while the man was beingescorted as a prisoner, some of his friends came out to rescue him. When Don Diego knew of it, he grasped his sword and said that Martin Carrillo should not be interfered with, but that he should be left to execute justice. Martin Carrillo put Baltanas into his tent. The captain Juan Balsa and others went to. prevent them from killing him, but when Martin Carrillo saw them coming he ordered a negro to stab his prisoner. Thus was murdered Baltanas, who was a great friend of Cristobal de Sotelo. Although Don Diego approved of his death, the Camp-master Car- rillo was afraid of Sotelo, and, therefore, began to make great friends with Garcia de Alvarado, who had not yet started for Arequipa. Carrillo represented to him that Sotelo wanted to be above everybody and to have no equal, and other similar things; and as Alvarado's mind 1 In the absence of Sotelo at Cuzco. Carrillo was one of the mur- derers of the Marquis. He was hanged at Guamanga after the battle of Chupas. WAR OF CHUPAS 20Q was inflated with pride, little was needed to enlist his sympathies, and arouse his hatred for Sotelo. After these things, Don Diego set out for Cuzco with all his following, but first he sent Garcia de Alvarado to Arequipa to collect more men and arms. Continuing his journey, Don Diego arrived at Cuzco, where he met with a grand reception, and he and all his men were lodged in the city. A few days afterwards, Diego Mendez came to the town of Plata, where he treacherously captured Anton Alvarez, a resident of the place, and seized all the gold and silver there was in the mines of Porco and in that region; and with all these spoils he took the road to Cuzco. When he drew near, the Governor went out to welcome him, and was very de- lighted because he brought such a good supply of money to pay the soldiers with. All the men that could be col- lected were thus brought together, and Cristobal de Sotelo managed everything extremely well. The)' were so well supplied with all there was in the land that many had enough and to spare, while none went short. The captains had tables set up in their houses, where the soldiers usually took their meals. But Don Diego and all his followers knew full well that the)' could retain neither lives nor estates unless .they could successfully defend them. After Holguin had passed beyond Jauja many lost heart, and some would have been glad not to be in Cuzco; others, however, with Don Diego, wanted to strengthen their forces in such wise that their enemies would not be able to triumph over them. The)', therefore, determined to pre- pare themselves and make ready a stock of arms. The)' collected a vast quantity of copper, and Pedro de Candia offered to cast several heavy pieces of artillery. He gave out that he wished to serve Don Diego in that war, although afterwards he seemed to favour the other side. The first moulds he made for the new cannon were very large, but P 2 10 CIVIL WARS OF PERU the)' got him to have them made smaller. It was now known that Vaca de Castro had joined Pero Alvarez at Guaraz, so they set to work with all possible speed and no little industry. Some brought the copper, others made the charcoal, others prepared the furnaces, and in a short time the)' had turned out six large and well-made cannon. This, too, notwithstanding that Pero de Candfa's castings proved failures three or four times—designedly as it seemed to all, because he repented of having said that he knew how to make them. The excuse he gave was that the metal cooled too quickly, and that the bellows would not work properly. As soon as the artillery had been cast, orders were given to collect more than 300 silversmiths to repair and make arquebuses and other arms, under the superintendence of Juan P6rez, a very ingenious man who had had charge of the cross-bowmen in the battle of Las Salinas, as we be- fore related. He understood the business so well that the arquebuses he turned out were as good and trust}- as if they had been made in Vienna. The)- made many military saddles of steel, with silver on the pummels and cantles, and finished them with manv ornaments and coverings of coloured silk. They also made very gaily painted lances, with their guards and very fine points of adamant, many corslets of silver and gold, and smart well-made helmets of the same, and all other necessary arms for thirty-five 1 men-at-arms ready to join battle. 1 M isprint for 350. WAR OF CHUPAS 2 1 1 CHAPTER LXIII Of what further happened in the city of Cuzco, of the speech Don Diego made to his companions; and of what Garcia de Alvarado did. IX relating the things that passed in the city of Cuzco between Don Diego de Almagro and his people, and their great activity in equipping themselves with arms, it must be understood that the good captain Cristobal de Sotelo was quite indefatigable. Out of his own estate he had given 100,000 pesos among the soldiers, his com- panions; and he had sent spies, by order of Don Diego, to find out whether Yaca de Castro was advancing. The Inca Paulo also ordered runners to find out at Jauja what was happening at Guaraz; and when Yaca de Castro had joined Alonso de Alvarado and Pero Alvarez Holguin the news of their union spread over all the provinces of the Realm in such a way that it soon reached Cuzco, and the Indians said that Vaca de Castro had brought many Spaniards and foot-soldiers. This news did not fail to cause some stir—not that it caused dismay to young Don Diego and his accomplices. They entered into consulta- tion, he and his captains and principal supporters in the city, to decide what had best be done. They agreed to leave Cuzco as soon as possible, and to induce Vaca de Castro not to give battle nor cause an encounter, because they were waiting to see the royal command of Caesar, and his commission, in order not to go beyond his orders in an}* way. The}- knew not the hour when Garcia de Alvarado would come; but ordering all the Spaniards of his part)- who were in Cuzco, horse and foot, to CIVIL WARS OF PERU assemble in a place where they could hear him, Don Diego thus addressed them : " You all know, and no one can cease to remember, the great worth of my father to this Realm, and the constancy with which he tried to open up the country; also the desire he displayed not to fail in his duty to his Majesty in a single point, and the cruel death they inflicted upon him, as witnessed by some of the veterans who were with him at Las Salinas and are now with me to follow in his foot- steps. Afterwards, having endured this great calamity for you and for me, and being in Lima, I was so badly treated by the Marquis that in truth I often abhorred my life and wished for death, which he was about to order to be in- flicted on me. To escape from such odious bondage, and to avenge my father's death, I took the life of the Marquis, which he justly forfeited, for the life he took or ordered to be taken of one who had so greatly honoured and befriended him. Now that the Marquis is dead—and even if he were not dead—let it not appear to you that we are doing any ill service to his Majesty in wishing to conduct the government that he conferred upon my father. His Majesty even empowered my father to nominate a suc- cessor to administer his government in the royal name in the event of his own death; and that all who were un- aware of this may now take it for certain, I have resolved to order the commissions and grants that his Majesty issued to my father to be read before you all. Mind ye, therefore, that my desire goes no farther than to see my- self placed in full charge of the province of New Toledo, in order that I may pay back the much I owe to you, as well as reward the services you rendered my father in past wars and explorations." Then, having ordered them all to go to an open field outside the city, the commissions held from his Majesty by the late Adelantado were read. Amongst them was one WAR OF CHUPAS 213 1 Fray Garcia de Loaysa, President of the Council of the Indies, Arch- bishop of Seville, and confessor to Charles Y. He was a brother of Dr. Geronimo de Loaysa, the first Archbishop of Lima and friend of Vaca de Castro. The appointment of Vaca de Castro by the Emperor, would have been settled on the recommendation of the Council of the Indies, submitted through its President. which said: " Whomsoever shall be nominated by him as Governor after his own days, him shall the municipalities obey and accept as his successor." His father's will gave further proof wherein there is. a clause showing that he appointed his son Don Diego to be his successor as Governor, and Diego cle Alvarado to be his executor. As soon as these documents had been read, and which the soldiers were not a little glad to hear, Don Diego concluded his speech in these words : " Now that you know this to be clear, I appeal to you to be my faithful friends and companions, and not to forsake me until it is seen what my fate will be, and what his Majesty will order. Vaca de Castro does not bring any power or authority with him to dispossess me of the government; and do you bear in mind how many and great were the services of my father, and the ingratitude of the Pizarros." So well did this young man know how to address the Spaniards that he won all their hearts and incited them to follow him against any leader who might come against them. Most of the soldiers who were in Cuzco, indeed, were men of worth and of white blood; and, as they had shown themselves to be friends and supporters of Don Diego from the beginning, they bestirred themselves to follow him with a constancy which was unwavering, and not—as some mean minds are wont to believe—feigned. It is said that they felt such hatred against Cardinal Loaysa,' knowing that Vaca cle Castro had been appointed through his influence, that they burnt him in effigy, and spoke many insulting words against him. 214 CIVIL WARS OF PERU Garcia de Alvarado had gone, as we said, to the low- lands, by order of Don Diego, and was to raid the coast tracts as far as Arequipa. Me went by way of Lunahuana, plundering all he could, and seizing all the arms and horses he found, lie arrived at Arequipa, where he committed gross excesses, and killed a resident called Montenegro, and another Spaniard; and they do say that he was so grasping that he went the length of carrying off the sacred vessels of silver and gold from inside the churches. After he had inflicted not a few outrages at Arequipa he set out with the reinforcements and arms he had been able to get, for Cuzco, where he was warmly welcomed by Don Diego de Almagro. Sotelo knew very well about the murder of Baltanas at Guamanga by Martin Carrillo, and that there had been conversations between him and Garcia de Al- varado, which proved to him that they were his covert enemies. Considering that it is not necessary to be too precise in such times, he concealed what he felt in his breast, and spoke to Garcia de Alvarado, as soon as he arrived at Cuzco with others, desiring to be on friendly terms. Alvarado said that Cristobal de Sotelo had done # wrong in nominating Juan Gutierrez Malaver to be cap- tain of the men raised in Cuzco, and that he had not any intention to condone or overlook it. Now Sotelo was the officer whose duty it was to provide what was necessary in the city, and he took great care that the soldiers should not commit any robberies or ex- cesses nor provoke the native Indians. But war brings with it unbridled license, and soldiers do not consider they show pluck unless the)' appropriate the goods and property of peaceful people And so two soldiers, who called them- selves the Machines, broke into the house of Captain Gabriel de Rojas, to kill another soldier and make off with what they could. In fine they killed him, and though they tried to shelter themselves in a place where Sotelo could WAR OF CHUPAS not arrest them, they did not succeed; for as soon as he got notice of their crime he promptly had them searched for and ordered their arrest. He told them to confess, for the\- would be presently put to death for the crime they had committed. How the captains Garcia de Alvarado and Saucedo went to ask Cristobal de Sotelo to pardon the soldiers he had in prison, and op their fate; and of what else happened until Garcia de Alvarado killed the good knight Cristobal de Sotelo. A S the soldiers in Cuzco were not well under control, J~\. their feeling was that, provided it were not against military discipline or matters relating to the war, there ought to be no punishment for any crime they might commit. They therefore became very riotous when they heard of the imprisonment of the Machines. Don Diego presently knew of the arrest, but took no steps. Garcia de Alvarado and Saucedo determined each to go to Sotelo, and ask him to pardon those men that he had under arrest. Saucedo being the first to call at the prison, admission was refused him, nor would Sotelo do anything in response to the request made to him. Then Saucedo shouted at him that he had better take care what he was about, for the prisoners were his friends and he was going to demand justice. Cristobal de Sotelo was much enraged at these words, and answered by telling Saucedo to go to his lodging; if not, he would put him where he was soon going to put the prisoners. Saucedo then went away and joined Garcia de Alvarado, who, by this time, was also near ; but although he too knocked at the door, they would not open it nor answer him. Sotelo, after holding an enquiry into CHAPTER LXIV 2l6 CIVIL WARS OF PERU the affair for which the men had been arrested, sentenced one of them to be hanged. Now that the day was approaching when the field of Chupas and its slopes would absorb much noble Spanish blood, and the party of the Almagros would come to an end, it was meet, and necessary for its destruction, and for the due commemoration of the Marquis's obsequies, that envy and malice should bring about the death and removal of the principal captains among the men of Chile, so that those of the Pachacama party might encounter less re- sistance in completing the triumph that was to be theirs. For Francisco de Chaves being already dead, and Juan cle Plerrada having been poisoned (as they say) by Juan Balsa, the only captains left to them were Cristobal cle Sotelo and Garcia de Alvarado. And so, that these should come to an end like the others, it fell out in this wise.1 Garcia de Alvarado, being a spirited youth, and having come from Arequipa very proud of bringing in so much stolen treasure, began to feel aggrieved because Sotelo was more considered than himself and always first and foremost above the rest. He set about to making friend- ships, feigned or true, with many who had been soldiers under Francisco de Chaves, and were on bad terms with Sotelo because they said their old captain's death was clue to him. Garcia de Alvarado now wormed himself into their 1 This gives a wrong impression. The captains of the old Adelantado Almagro had not all come to an end. Most of them had declined to take part with the murderers of Pizarro. Francisco de Chaves, it is true, had been murdered by Juan de Herrada. Of the others Diego de Alvarado had returned to Spain. Gomez de Alvarado and Juan de Sayavedra had left the young Almagro at Jauja, and returned to Lima. Montemayor and Guevara were actually with the army of Vaca de Castro. Sotelo alone had remained with young Almagro, from devo- tion to his father's memory, although he had protested against the murder of the Marquis. Garcia de Alvarado was not an old captain of Almagro. He is first heard of in history as one of the accomplices of the murderers—a truculent young ruffian. WAR OF CHUPAS 217 favour so as to make use of them when necessity should arise; though he thought little of Don Diego de Almagro himself. He next began to distribute the money he had brought among those who were his friends and who ap- peared to.him to be on his side, glad always to asperse Sotelo and to belittle his affairs. The accomplices with Garcia de Alvarado in this business, and those who went among the soldiers for him, probing their dispositions, were Rodrigo NTiñez, who had been the old Adelantado's Camp Master, a man of little knowledge and less judg- ment, Martin Carrillo, Juan Rodriguez Barragan, and many others. Cristobal de Sotelo did not fail to perceive Garcia de Alvarado's design against him, but as he was prudent he pretended to treat it with unconcern and not pay much attention to it. Nevertheless they say that he spoke to Don Diego on the subject. But since Garcia de Alvarado had won over many of the soldiers who were in the city, and some of the veterans who had followed the banners of the old Adelantado, he covertly and of set purpose raised the question as to who was to be General of the camp, himself or Cristobal de Sotelo, so that they should declare that he and no other should be the one. In those days Sotelo was laid up with a calenture, owing to which he passed a serpent or worm from below, a fathom in length, and he rather suspected that he had been given poisonous herbs. Don Diego and all the captains and citizens went to visit him, and so did many of the soldiers who were his friends. He said before some of them that he cared nothing for any Alvarados, past or present, the which being over- heard, it was not long before Garcia de Alvarado got to know of it. He was offended, nursed evil intentions against Sotelo, and resolved to kill him. Riding one day through the city with some of his friends, Garcia de Alvarado met Juan Balsa, who was also mounted; and 2l3 CIVIL WARS OK PERU proposed to him that the}' should go and visit the captain Cristobal de Sotelo, as he was ill. Juan Balsa said he was willing, and, taking leave of Alvarado's other companions, they went. There went with them one Juan Garcia, of Guadalcanal, and Diego Perez Becerra, great friends of Garcia de Alvarado. When they reached Sotelo's lodging the}' entered his bedroom, and after a few words had passed, Garcia de Alvarado said: " Why did you say that you held the Alvarados as nought, and other things which have been reported to me, and are to my detriment or against my honour? You must give me satisfaction." At the time when this happened, Sotelo, besides being ill. had no friend or servant present with him, although there were usually plenty in the house. As his illness had not diminished, but indeed was rather worse, he replied that he was not in a condition to answer him or give satisfac- tion; for that he was not himself, and indeed so ill that he was passing devils and serpents from his bod)'. Juan Balsa showed himself, in his words, to be favourable to Sotelo. He said to Garcia cle Alvarado that it was not a time for settling such affairs, and he got up as if about to go. Garcia de Alvarado, seeing him rise, did the same and took leave of Sotelo. Cristobal de Sotelo, being a man of spirit, and one who held his honour very dear, after think- ing over for a little in his own mind what had passed between him and Garcia de Alvarado, loudly called him back, and said: "I do not remember having said of you nor of any Alvarados what you allege, but if I did say anything heretofore I repeat that, being who I am, I do not concern myself much about Alvarados." When Garcia de Alvarado heard that he exclaimed in a great rage, " I swear to God that I shall have to kill you, Sir Traitor." Sotelo, jumping out of bed, cried out " I will kill you." Garcia cle Alvarado, clapping his hand upon his sword, made towards the infirm Sotelo to wound him, but Juan WAR OF CHUPAS 2IQ. Balsa, with great promptitude, made a spring at the assailant, and threw his arms round him. Sotelo went into an inner chamber, where there was one of his servants, named Lizcano, and looking round for arms, saw only a sword and a cloak. With these he came out to where Garcia de Alvarado and Juan Balsa were talking. By this time some of Garcia de .Alvarado's friends had come along, and had surrounded the house. Alvarado had freed him- self from Juan Balsa and now came in alone, with his sword raised, looking for Sotelo. But when Sotelo's servant saw him advancing he assailed him from behind, and gripped him tightly in his arms. Sotelo, seeing his enemy so near, came forward to kill him ; but Juan Balsa stayed his hands, saying that he must not do such a thing. Mean- while Alvarado, although the servant Lizcano bore him down, managed to get clear and wounded him on the head, and then made at Sotelo to kill him, and gave him several stabs and cuts. Hearing the noise, Juan Garcia, whom we mentioned above, came in and wounded Sotelo so seriously that, in a short time, he lay dead on the floor, clasped by Juan Balsa, either to rescue him from death or in his eagerness to see him dead—which latter is my belief and I hold to be the more certain of what they say. In this manner died the foremost and most upright leader among the party of the " men of Chile." In his death ma}' be clearly seen the fall and destruction of them all, for had he remained alive, he would by his prudence have guided subsequent affairs in a different way from that in which they came about. 220 CIVIL WARS OF PERU CHAPTER EXV Of the concern shown by Don Diego and many of the Chile party at the death of the captain Cristobal de Sotelo; and of how Garcia de Alvarado and others fortified themselves in his quarters, and Don Diego wanted to attack them there. HE news of the murder of Captain Cristobal de Sotelo i- soon spread throughout the city, and great was the excitement, for he was beloved by many soldiers for his valour, by the veterans who had served under the old Adelantado, and by those others who had recently chosen to follow the banners of Don Diego. They were so affected that it did not fail to be evident from their sad countenances and from the tears that flowed from their eyes. With sorrowful lamentations they girded on their arms and re- paired to the quarters of Don Diego, abandoning Garcia de Alvarado, and calling him vile and cowardly for murder- ing Sotelo when he was disabled by sickness. They de- sired to have the traitor delivered into their hands that they might put him to death for daring to take the life of the captain they so greatly adored. Presently Juan Balsa went to young Don Diego's quarters and apprised him of what had happened, though he was out at the time. Don Diego was much concerned, because some told him that Garcia de Alvarado wanted to deal with him in the same way, and revolt against him with the whole camp. Although Don Diego showed no weakness, but was anxious to go and seize or kill the murderer there and then, they advised him to enter the house of Pedro de Oñate, who was afterwards Camp Master, whence he ordered the alarm to be given through the city. He went to the great square, with those who rallied round him, whence it was his intention to go and attack the house WAR OF CHUPAS 221 where Garcia cle Alvarado was ensconced. The captain Felipe Gutierrez and other prudent cavaliers urged him not to do this, because it was not a time for expending men's lives, they said, and it might give rise to a mutiny against Don Diego himself, for it was known that some captains and many soldiers had a true friendship for Garcia de Alvarado, and that if things came to blows, all their fury would be against Don Diego. He was thus persuaded not to attack the house in which Garcia de Alvarado had shut himself up with the others who stood by him. Martin Carrillo, although he no longer enjoyed the post of Camp Master, but was only a private person, went out and about the city, without any authority what- ever, forbidding everyone, on pain of death, to quit their houses. Don Diego, observing the luke-warmness and lack of will to carry out his .wishes in those who were with him, returned very sadly to his house. When the quarrelsome Garcia cle Alvarado saw how prosperously, and favourably to his wishes, the affair of the murder of Sotelo had turned out, he sent some of his friends to induce as many as the)' could to side with him; and since the Spaniards in Peru are so changeable and fickle, and hold to no faith but their own private interests, seeing that Garcia de Alvarado had more power than he whom they had chosen and appointed as their Governor, they joined him who seemed the stronger in greater numbers than he expected, offering their arms and their persons as far as he might wish to avail himself of them. Don Diego was now in his house, as we said, feeling very deeply the death of Cristobal de Sotelo, and the fact that he was not strong enough to punish the author of so foul a deed, Taking counsel with his captains and principal persons as to what it would be best to do, they agreed that it was not expedient, nor was it a time to form themselves into cliques and parties, for the enemy was at their gates. So CIVIL WARS OF PERU a truce was arranged between Don Diego and Garcia de Alvarado. Don Diego covertly sent to say that Garcia de Alvarado had better stay in his house and not come out of it, because no other course was convenient. Garcia dc Alvarado was so haughty and presumptuous that he cared very little for any words or commands of Don Diego ; but he answered, in bad faith, that he would do as he was ordered, and would not leave his house until it should be Don Diego's pleasure. CHAPTER LXYI How Don Diego de Almagro gave So/eio's troop to Diego Mendez, and how Garcia de Alvarado was killed, and Cristobal dc Sotelo avenged, at his hands. AFTER the events we have related had passed in the city of Cuzco, there did not cease to be some tumult in the city following the death of Cristobal de Sotelo. Don Diego, who felt most keenly the insolence of Garcia de Alvarado, reflected within himself what scheme would lead to the satisfaction of his desire, which was that no one else, with the example of Garcia de Alvarado before him, should attempt another treason such as that person had perpetrated. He also wanted to get rid of Garcia de Alvarado as a companion, in order to advance his desire and give effect to his plans. Summoning to a consultation the captains and old soldiers who were entirely faithful to him, through having followed the banners of the Adelan- tado his father, Juan Balsa was with the assent of them all nominated Captain-General—a man unworthy of such a charge; and the troop lately Cristobal de Sotelo's was entrusted to Diego Mendez, because he was known to cherish enmity against Garcia de Alvarado, who was still WAR OF CHUPAS 22$ esconced in the fortified house with his supporters. As the soldiers in Cu/.co had now received news of the entry of Vaca de Castro into the Realm, they felt the necessity for peace among themselves in order to be in a position to resist attack, come whence it might; and they therefore approached their captains, with a view to mediation be- tween Don Diego and Garcia de Alvarado. But as the latter knew he was to blame in reference to past transac- tions, he asked that Don Diego would make him his Captain-General and give him sufficient power to govern the camp in Don Diego's name. Failing that, Alvarado would not trust to promises, but in that way his person would be secure and he would serve Don Diego loyally. The latter desired to punish Alvarado, but, seeing there was no other course open, he agreed to give him the power that was requested and to appoint him his General, first arranging with Juan Balsa and others to concert crafty and cautious plans to kill him. So Alvarado was presently sent a commission naming him General and Deputy- Governor. When the\r delivered it to him he tore it up in front of the officer who had brought it, and spoke ugly words against Don Diego because it did not include power to displace and appoint captains, declaring that he was not the man to be contented with limited power. And as he had heard it said that Juan Balsa had previously been named for General, he conceived that Balsa must have intrigued with Don Diego not to give the full powers he claimed. So he talked with some friends about a way to kill Balsa, by sending to call him up and then stabbing him. His friends replied they would execute his command. So Alvarado sent one of his henchmen to Juan Balsa, requesting him to be so particularly kind as to come to his house, as he wished to talk some things over with him. When the messenger arrived and Juan Balsa, who was not a little wan- and cunning, learnt the nature of his errand, 224 CIVIL WARS OF PERU he immediately guessed it was to complain about the com- mission Don Diego had sent to Alvarado; and he thought that he might soothe him by means of smooth words and lure him to the house of Don Diego, where he could be killed. So he went with the messenger to Garcia de Al- varado's house, where he was courteously received with outward goodwill, though with the real object and intention we have mentioned. When he had come in, Garcia de Alvarado said to him : " I am astonished, Juan Balsa, that Don Diego should have wished everyone to know that he does not show me the friendship due for the splendid things I have done in his service and the loyalty with which I have followed him. Ingratitude is a sin which is not easily forgiven. The leaders who take part in wars like this, and whom Don Diego treats as if they were his vassals, endure much at the hands of his friends, and put up with many things to avoid coming to a rupture with them and losing his favour. He has chosen to show as much anger with me for the death of Sotelo, as if his happiness de- pended wholly upon that captain's life, and his troubles and misfortunes arose solely from his death. He does not consider the good reason I had for killing Sotelo, and the little cause he had to oust me from his service. But after all, neither does my honour nor my personal existence require that I should change my fortunes or deny him my friendship. If Don Diego will consider the times, and how profitable it is to have friends, and will send me the com- mission with adequate power, as 1 asked for it to be, he shall keep me as devoted, to his service as I have been from after the death of the old Marquis until now." Garcia de Alvarado believed that Juan Balsa would answer peevishly, which would afford an occasion for kill- ing him. But Juan Balsa, who well knew what he was about, replied very blandly, saying that if Don Diego had not sent Alvarado power in the commission to appoint WAR OF CHUPAS and discharge captains, it was owing to an omission by the scrivener, and that he himself should draw the commission and have it written out for him, Balsa, to then bring back signed by Don Diego. As for himself, added Balsa, he wished it so, knowing that it would be advantageous for them all to have Don Garcia as General. It was true that Don Diego had nominated him, Balsa, as General some few clays previously, but he had voluntarily declined the charge, desiring that Alvarado should be the lord and chief over them all, because he was so much looked up to by the people. These things, and others of like plausibility, said Juan Balsa—resourceful man that he was in such contingencies — to Garcia de Alvarado, under an artful veil of great caution. Alvarado, believing what Balsa told him, replied very graciously, giving him to know that he had sent for him to kill him, but now that he understood his views and good wishes he would always look upon him as a true friend. He asked him to procure the commission he desired from Don Diego, and let him know how truly he was his servant and friend. Juan Balsa, after promising that he would do this, departed for the house of Don Diego, where he gave him an account of all that had passed between him and Alvarado. He and others then advised that the commission should be sent to Garcia de Alvarado in the form he wanted, and that, when time and place should subserve, he should be killed. Don Diego did not like it, feeling that the scheme betrayed a lack of courage, and that he was losing his authority; but, seeing that it was advisable, he ordered the commission to be made out in the form Garcia de Alvarado wanted and, after he had signed it, he sent it to him. With this Garcia de Alvarado felt himself secure, and was content. He went forth from his quarters well escorted, and was proclaimed in the public square of the city, to the sound of many Q 226 CIVIL WARS OF PERU trumpets, and was acknowledged by all the soldiers. Mean- while Don Diego bided his time for a chance to kill Alvarado, fearing lest this person might want to do the same with him as he had clone to Cristobal cle Sotelo. CHAPTER EXVII /// which /he preceding chapter is concluded, down to the death of Garcia de Alva7\ido. WITH the passing of the events we have narrated, there did not cease to be deep mistrust between the one party and the other. Some soldiers insisted to Garcia cle Alvarado that he should kill Don Diego, and inarch with the remains of his army against Vaca de Castro, wherever he might appear, for they did not deem it safe to trust Don Diego any longer, nor others who had shown themselves to be their enemies. Alvarado, who was very inconstant, but a bold youth to boot, did not hesitate about doing what his friends advised, or killing Don Diego. At this time there was, in Juan Balsa's troop, a cavalier named San Millan,1 a native of Segovia belonging to the family of the Bocudos, very rich merchants. He had been one of the conquistadorcs in various parts of this Realm, and was present at the murder of the Marquis. He was very liberal and a great spendthrift, having lavished upwards of 80,000 pesos dc oro upon the soldiers in camp. When Garcia de Alvarado was nominated General, San Millan wished to offer him his friendship and service; and as San Millan was prodigal of his means, he pressed Alvarado, after having made him many offers, to accept the hospitality of ' One of the murderers. He was with Pizarro at Caxamarca, and got his share of the Alahualpa ransom. WAR OF CHUPAS 227 1 Murderers of the Marquis. Accomplice. his house and friends, at a social reception he wished to give him. Garcia de Alvarado, knowing that San Millan's words to him were spoken with good intention, without any afterthought or admixture of malice, thanked him for the invitation, and replied that he would be happy to do what San Millan had asked of him, especially as they might bring together at the reception or banquet many who were disaffected towards each other, and so promote friendship among all; and he told San Millan that he might get read}' for an}- day he wished, as he would like to invite Don Diego. They say that, after this, Garcia de Alvarado conferred with his friends about murdering Diego Mendez,1 Alonso cle Sayavedra, Diego cle Hoces,' Juan Gutierrez Malaver," and other captains and soldiers who were deemed to have been friends of Sotelo. They even resolved to kill Don Diego de Almagro himself, and after these murders, to send messengers to Yaca cle Castro, offering to deliver tip the camp and render him obedience, upon which Alvarado was to be made captain, so that he might go forth to explore some remote and unknown portions of these Realms. After having formed this conspiracy, its authors and conspirants, who were not few, set about pre- paring to earn* it out, and Garcia cle Alvarado, when he had arranged it, went to Don Diego and announced that San Millan wished to give an entertainment and had in- vited him. He begged that Don Diego would be present and allow the captains to come too, as it was right that all should enjoy themselves. Don Diego quite understood that Garcia de Alvarado did not say this in good faith or of his own choice exactly ; but as it seemed that this might open a way in which to get Alvarado killed, he accepted the invitation courteously. and observed that he thought it would be good for them to 4 228 CIVIL WARS OF PERU 1 One of the murderers of the Marquis. have some diversion and enjoy themselves. This being arranged, Garcia de Alvarado took his leave, and returned home to complete his arrangements, while San Millan went about collecting all manner of things for the banquet, buying wine at 300 pesos the arroba, for the guests to drink. Don Diego conferred with his friends, and those he most trusted, and concerted plans for them to be pre- pared to take Garcia de Alvarado's life at this reception that he wanted to take place. Juan Balsa, Diego de Hoces,1 and Juan Gutierrez Malaver, Diego Mendez and others, agreed to comply with the mandate in this affair and leagued themselves against Alvarado. Being all imbued with this good purpose, the afternoon arrived. Don Diego had retired to his chamber a little after vespers, and with him those who were to kill Garcia de Alvarado. Stretched on his bed Don Diego pretended to be ill, in order that Alvarado should come and want to take him to the re- ception or supper, for all had dined already and there was to be a second repast, at which each party expected to achieve its deed. Don Diego ordered Martin Cote1 to take the guard that night, and see that the soldiers were well supplied with bullets, for what might happen. Martin Cote sent his ensign with fifty arquebusiers to carry out the orders given by Don Diego. When they arrived at the gate of Don Diego's house they were secretly ordered to fire the salute without bullets, but at the second round to fire with bullets and to be in readiness to obey further orders. By this time the supper was ready, and Garcia de Alvarado sent a request, couched in submissive terms, that Don Diego would come to it, intending to put into practice what had been preconcerted. Don Diego, who was not rash where nothing less than his life was concerned, pre- tended of set purpose that his illness was worse, so that WAR OF CHUPAS 229 Garcia cle Alvarado should come to him and there would be a chance to kill him. When the messenger came, Don Diego answered—" Tell the Captain-general that I am feeling so unwell that I do not want any supper ; but that out of regard for him I will go presently to where he wishes me to be present." On the messenger's return, it seemed to Garcia de Alvarado that it would be bad manners not to go to Don Diego, since it was plain that he was unwell, and therefore, so that they should get him to where they wished without arousing suspicion, he said to those who were with him—" Hi! Gentlemen, let us go to the Go- vernor, for they tell me he is not well." Thereupon he left his house and went to where the entertainment was to be, with many men well armed, and shielded by every pre- caution. He himself wore his sword and a short coat of mail, thick and of a fine mesh. On the way he met Martin Carrillo, a fast friend of his and an enemy to Don Diego. Learning whither Alvarado was going, Carrillo urged him to go back, for that, if he went on, he was lost, and if Don Diego should find him in his house it would certainly be his death. Garcia de Alvarado, with his usual audacity, turned and said " Who is man enough to kill me? Let us go. Don't you be afraid; for 1 am not." Martin Carrillo, divining the just death that awaited Alvarado, again warned him not to go, declaring that he would never return from thence. Alvarado, not heeding these remonstrances, arrived before the entrance to Xapana, which was where Don Dipgo had his quarters. On seeing so many arquebusiers he was troubled. They gave him the salute without bullets, which reassured him, and he passed and entered the house. He had no sooner gone in than the arquebusiers reloaded with bullets. He entered through the sala accompanied by all his friends, and went on to the room where Don Diego was. The captain of the guard, Juan cle Guzman, 230 CIVIL WARS OF PFRU stood at the door. Alvarado pushed abrupt!}- into the room, asking where was the Governor. As soon as he was inside, with three or four of his friends, the captain Juan de Guzman shut the door and secured it well with a halberd, to prevent the others who had come with him from entering. Don Diego was much elated that Alvarado had come to him. He got off the bed where he was re- clining, and called out to those who were with him, " Hi! Gentlemen, let us go to supper." Garcia cle Alvarado said, "What has been your lordship's illness? I am much troubled to hear that you have not been well." Don Diego answered that it was nothing now, and that they might well go to supper. As he said this, Juan Balsa as Lieutenant-general, stepped forward and threw himself upon Garcia de Alvarado and closed with him saying, " You are arrested in the King's name." Don Diego, drawing his sword, cried out, " Arrested, no; but dead—yes! " and so saying he gave Alvarado a bad wound on the head, while those who were present struck blows at him, and pierced his bod}- with man}- wounds. He only exclaimed " God protect me! where are my friends?" Saying this he fell dead on the floor, and paid for what he did to Cristobal de Sotelo. His friends, when they knew what had oc- curred, were scared at such a strange proceeding, and went away, some in one direction and some in another, to hide in various buildings of the city. Don Diego desired no- thing more than to punish Garcia cle Alvarado; and now that he had him dead the Governor pardoned all those who had figured as Alvarado's friends. Many came accordingly to kiss hands and to renew their offers of service to him. On the death of Alvarado there was great relief among the rest of the Almagro part}7, for owing to his arro- gance and presumption all wished him ill. He ended by dying a death in conformity with the life he had led, and paid for his complicity in the murder of the Marquis, WAR OF CHUPAS 23 I the robberies and outrages he committed, and the death he inflicted on Sotelo—above all, for his treachery in wanting to gain renown, and obtain pardon at the expense of the youth Don Diego and the others. Garcia de Alvarado was a cavalier aged twenty-nine years, of hand- some mien and comely form, ambitious, proud, highly pre- sumptuous, and very vain. He was very spirited and brave, but fond of low company, and prone to listen to their advice. They robbed his house, where he kept a deal of plate, and other articles of value. By this time the members of the Almagro party had fallen not far short of effacing each other, and their tyranny had almost triumphed over themselves, so that it seemed as if it had pleased God our Lord that the posthumous honours of the Alarquis should be celebrated with the blood of the very men who were foremost in his murder, and in committing so great an atrocity as that of which they were guilty. Considering in my own mind the ill-starred deaths of Francisco de Chaves, Juan de Herrada, Cristobal de Sotelo, and Garcia de Alvarado, who were the principal leaders of the Almagro band, and the bad ends they all came to, 1 am astonished that the promoters of seditions and tyrannies which have arisen did not take warning from them, to estrange themselves from such a hateful and in- iquitous thing as the usurpation of the kingdom from its natural Lord.1 But the people in Peru do not know how to take warning from the example of others. Let us leave this, however, and say a little about the Governor Yaca de Castro. 1 He means Charles V, not the Inca Manco. CIVIL WARS OF PERU CHAPTER LXVIII How the Governor Vaca de Castro decided to send his army to the province of Jauja, white he himself went to Lima. r I MTE reader will remember that, farther back, we told JL how Vaca de Castro arrived in the province of Guaraz, and how he was acknowledged as Governor and Captain- general in the name of the King: and other things. A few days later an assembly of captains and principal cavaliers was summoned, to consider what ought to be done for the pacification of the Realm. It was agreed that the cap- tains should be posted to the command of the several com- panies, and that they and the sergeants and other officers were to understand that the war was undertaken by the Governor Yaca de Castro's orders. He appointed the cap- tains to their former companies, and issued commissions to them without making any-change except in the case of Pero Alvarez Plolguin, who still looked to be General. Put Yaca de Castro wanted that office and dignity for himself, which Pero Alvarez begrudged him. These things having been arranged by the Governor, he asked the cap- tains and principal cavaliers to rejoice and make merry, seeing that the mercy of God our Lord in uniting their forces together had been very great. On hearing this, they arranged tournaments with canes and rings;1 and the Governor entertained them at his tent. After their festivities he named the licentiate Leon as chief magistrate of the camp; and because Pero Alvarez learnt that his authority as Camp Master was not to extend beyond military affairs, and not to touch the administration of justice, he began 1 Tilting at the ring. WAR OF CHUPAS 233 to complain, and to say that that was how his services were being requited. Vaca de Castro desired to establish complete concord among his people ; so without withdraw- ing the duty given to the licentiate Leon, he sent to tell Pero Alvarez that, since he was a gentleman, he should give his attention to serving God and the King, and that, in the exercise of the office he held, he might take over certain pikemen over whom to be captain ; for the Governor desired that, except himself, no person there should rank before Pero Alvarez. With this order all questions ended between the Governor and his officers and all were content, unless it were the captain Gomez de Tordoya, who enter- tained enmity towards Pero Alvarez. Although he was given a company of mounted men, he would not take charge of them, but wanted to be merely a private soldier entering into the battle. He was a very close friend and kinsman of the captain Garcilaso de la Vega, and tried to persuade him by means of words to take the same course as himself. Garcilaso wishing to see the realm at peace and to do just what might be his Majesty's pleasure, would not, in all loyalty, do anything but what the Governor ordered him. These things having passed, and the companies having become known to their respective captains, it was found that they had no good pikes, which caused them great concern. But there happened to be one Cervantes there, a resident of Lima, and this man knew where there was wood suitable for making pikes, in the province of Jauja, where he held some Indians in encomienda. He offered to go and see to the matter. He went to Jauja and arranged with the Indians to cut wood in the forests, for making pikes sufficient for the war, and many very good ones were turned out. The captains then again entered into consulta- tion with the Governor, and they agreed that it would be well to send scouts into the province of Jauja to learn the 234 CIVIL WARS Ol- PERU state of affairs beyond and gain that region for the King. It having been decided that this should be done, they told off Captain Diego de Rojas, with troops sufficient for the purpose, to undertake this duty. Diego de Rojas thereupon set out with those who were to go with him. After further consultation between the Governor and the captains it was their opinion that the Governor should go down to the coast valleys and proceed to Lima, where his lieutenant Aliaga was in charge, in order to obtain money for the payment of the soldiers, and to enlist men wherewith to increase his forces. They also agreed that the captain Pedro Anzures should go to the city of San Miguel and arrest a certain Santiago, a rich man who lived there, and had plenty of money, and who had shown himself to be a friend of Don Diego. His goods were to be sequestrated, and any money of his that they might find was to be brought to Lima by way of the coast road. So Pedro Anzures presently set out. Then the Governor ordered the captains Pero Alvarez and Alonso de Alvarado to lead the troops into the province of Jauja without halting, and form the camp there pending the Governor's arrival from Lima to join them. Having ordered these things, Vaca de Castro proceeded to Lima, sending messengers before him to announce his approach. As all those who were left in Lima were friends of the Marquis, they were very glad when they heard that the Governor was coming, and they gave him a grand reception. He made his entry on the eve of Corpus Christi. The licentiate Benito Suarez de Caravajal, who was then in Lima, came out to welcome him, as well as his brother Illan Suarez de Caravajal the factor, the captain Diego de Agiiero, the treasurer Alonso de Riquelme, the lieutenant Jeronimo de Aliaga and the magistrates, and with them the Governor Barrionuevo. After the)' had kissed hands and the ceremonies usual at similar functions had been WAR OF CRURAS 235 gone through, Vaca de Castro was lodged, and very well regaled by the inhabitants. As he was entering the city the Factor addressed him in the name of all the rest, saying that he was as welcome as the Gran Capitan had been in Italy, as to all that would conduce to the service of his Majesty, and that he and all the gentlemen of that city were ready to serve him and do all things in his Majesty's interests, like loyal subjects. The Governor thanked him and showed pleasure at what the Factor had said. CHAPTER LXIX Of what Vaca de Castro did in Lima, of the arrival of the captains at fauja, and how Pedro .-Insures went to San Miguel. AFTER the Governor Vaca de Castro arrived in Lima, and was welcomed and acknowledged as related in the preceding chapter, he was informed by the factor Illan Suarez, his brother the licentiate, and Francisco de Godoy, of all the events that had happened there. He put before them and the other officials and magistrates how the cap- tains Alonso de Alvarado and Pero Alvarez Holguin had collected a brilliant array of troops, all desirous of serving Flis Majesty, and determined not to rest until the tyranny of Don Diego should be put down. He found in them all a true and earnest readiness to do the same. In Lima he also found Gomez de Alvarado,1 brother of the Adel- antado Don Pedro, with whom he was much pleased. Exertions were made to raise money, and to collect men 1 This was the elder Gomez de Alvarado (no relation to the other), one of the old captains of the Adelantado Almagro. He disapproved of the murder of the Marquis, and of the subsequent proceedings of the young Almagro, and had therefore remained at Lima. 236 CIVIL WARS OF PERU to augment his force. They were called up at the sound of the drum, and when they had all been mustered, Gomez de Alvarado was made captain of the mounted men, and Juan Velez de Guevara of those on foot. At this time Alonso de Alvarado and Pero Alvarez, with Garcilaso and the rest, had gone forward from Guaraz and marched by stages until the)' arrived in the province of Jauja, where they found Diego de Rojas. They ordered him to advance to the city of Guamanga 1 and make a fort there, where he was to wait until the rest of the division should arrive, pending the receipt of news of what Don Diego was doing, and whether he had departed from Cuzco. The camp was pitched in Jauja, and the captains and men-at-arms were well supplied by the Guancas, natives of that valley. Yaca de Castro was at Lima procuring neces- saries, where the captain Juan de Sayavedra, the licentiate Benito Suarez de Caravajal, the captains Diego de Agiiero and Francisco de Godoy, with the secretary Jeronimo de Aliaga, had attached themselves to him, whilst Montenegro and other inhabitants of Lima offered to go with him. Diego Gavilan the conquistador? a native of Guadalcanal, did the same, and they prepared to leave Lima. The captain Pedro Anzures made such good speed that he soon reached the city of San Miguel, and arrested Diego de Santiago, from whom he took 18,000 pesos de oro. With this he proceeded to Lima, and was welcomed by the Governor. The money brought by Anzures sup- plied pay and outfits for the soldiers. In the port of Callao there lay anchored the great galleon, with four other ships. Not knowing what might be the result of the war, Yaca de Castro thought it well to hold the sea secure, so as to be able to escape by it if they should find them- 1 Now called Ayacucho. - i.e., with Pizarro at Caxamarca, and received his share of the Atahualpa ransom. WAR OF CHUPAS 237 selves-closely pressed. After having taken the advice of the senior persons there he appointed Juan Perez cle Guevara, the same who had gone to settle Moyobamba, to command the ships. He promised that he would do what he was ordered, in all loyalty. When Yaca de Castro had put things in order at Lima, he set out on his journey, and travelled until he arrived in the valley of Jauja, where he was welcomed by the captains. Diego cle Rojas had marched as far as Guamanga, and ascertained from the Indians that Don Diego was still at Cuzco, where all the inhabitants were favouring the King's service. Yaca cle Castro now thought it well to set out from Jauja, and they made preparations, when a thing happened which presently bid fair to cause much harm. It arose about certain Indians who were wanted to carry loads for the company of Alonso de Alvarado, but whom Pero Alvarez, in his capacity as Camp-master, would not supply. Alvarado was so angry that he sent Pero Alvarez a chal- lenge. When Pero Alvarez received it he became exceed- ingly enraged., and was about to meet his adversary when Vaca de Castro heard of it. In a great hurry, before the friends of either could take sides, he sent for Alonso de Alvarado, and ordering him not to go from where he was, the Governor began to expostulate with him. He appealed to him as the oldest captain, and one who had always served the king, not to show enmity for so slight a cause and in such difficult times towards Pero Alvarez, nor any other captain. Having said these things, Vaca cle Castro then ordered his secretary Pero Lopez to go to Pero Alvarez and ask him for the letter containing the chal- lenge. Pero Alvarez answered that he did not treat such things seriously, and that he had already torn up the letter. The Governor then directed Pero Lopez, Lorenzo de Aldana, and Francisco de Godoy to go and get the letter; and Pero Alvarez sent the torn pieces to Vaca de Castro. 238 CIVIL WARS OF PERU Francisco de Godoy, Lorenzo de Aldana, Garcilaso de la Vega and other gentlemen then intervening, Alonso de Alvarado and Pero Alvarez were induced to make friends, and they remained on good terms as before. Yaca de Castro recompensed the native dwellers in Jauja for the supplies they had given, and distributed the new pikes among the soldiers; and they prepared to leave Jauja at once. CHAPTER LXX 110-0 Don Diego de Almagro, after the death of Garcia de Alvarado, determined to prepare for departure from Cuzco; hoiv he sent one Juan de Aguirre with ten other mounted men to reconnoitre, and how they were taken and killed. AFTER the captain Garcia de Alvarado had been killed in Cuzco, as we have written in earlier chapters, some who had been his friends expressed discontent on account of his death; and it pleased God that there should be so much disagreement amongst them that the civil war they were engaged in should come to an end ; and that the youth Don Diego, constrained by necessity, would either put himself separately into the hands of Vaca de Castro, or retire, with the few who would follow him, into the regions lying beyond [the] Maule. Pondering over the discontent which was showing itself among some of his part)7, Don Diego secretly called for Martin Carrillo and Baltasar de Castilla, and the other leaders, and said to them that inas- much as he, and not Garcia de Alvarado, was the person who must provide rewards and distribute the various tracts of the Realm amongst them, he asked them all to be faithful friends and such loyal companions, that the}7 would all count on his constancy. They well knew, he said, the important reason there was for killing Garcia de Alvarado, and the little cause that captain had, after Sotelo's death, to mix- in conspiracies against himself and his friends. These and WAR OF CHUPAS 239 other things said Don Diego to those who came, and they were content to follow him, and all of one mind to pursue the course they had entered on. Though the Indians re- ported that Vaca de Castro had arrived at Lima, there was no certainty of his actual position, so it was agreed to send a Biscayan named Aguirre, with ten other mounted scouts, in the direction of Guamanga, to see if he could capture anyone from whom to gain information of what was afoot thereabouts, as it was very important for them to be posted in what was happening in the lower provinces. Presently Aguirre and his ten followers started to carry out the order of Don Diego. By this time all the provinces had information that Vaca de Castro was at Jauja with a force larger than that of Don Diego. It therefore seemed to the inhabitants wholesome advice to be on the winning side, and not to help Don Diego. The part}- who left Cuzco with the object I have stated proceeded on their way. In a valley called Uripa the Indians killed Aguirre, who had gone on ahead from another village where his companions had tarried. The Indians then attacked the others and so harassed them that they could not get back to Cuzco. The)- withdrew towards Guamanga, where Diego de Rojas was, but the Indians warned him and the}- were all captured and judicially executed. Don Diego heard of this disaster through the Indians, and grieved at the fate of his scouts, though without letting others know it. He reflected very seriously and felt that his followers must hasten their preparations, and look well to their lances, for the whole power of Peru was uniting against him. He had suspicions of Martin Carrillo and of a citizen of Cuzco, so he had them arrested, and wrote letters to Arequipa, to one ldiaquez, in whom he trusted as a friend, asking for his advice as to what he had better do with these prisoners, whether to leave them at Cuzco or take them with him. ldiaquez answered that his advice was neither 240 CIVIL WARS OF PERU to take them nor to leave them. Although Don Diego understood the letter perfectly, he did not care to resort to such cruelty, and, after a short detention, he released them. He left Juan Rodriguez Barragan as his lieutenant at Cuzco. The artillery was in good order, the cannons clean, with the necessary powder. Carts were brought up for its transport, and Pedro de Candia was the captain in charge of it. As it seemed to them now that it was time to leave Cuzco, Don Diego ordered the captains to lead out their companies, the General in command being Juan Balsa, a a man of little resource. Having quitted the city they pro- ceeded to pitch their camp in the valley of Xaquixaguana. Don Diego followed shortly; but Juan Balsa remained in the city to see that any soldiers loitering there were hustled away. After he was outside Cuzco, Don Diego was apprised that there were some in the camp who wanted to make off and go over to the enemy. These were Pedro Picon, Alonso Diaz, and Juan Alontañes, all brave and capable soldiers/ For it seemed to them a bad business that they were engaged in; the)- wanted to desert their captain and pass over to him who came in the name of the king and with power, forsooth, to pardon them. But although the)- intended to leave the camp very secretly, Don Diego got wind of it, and they were promptly arrested, sentenced to death, and executed by strangulation with a cord, as a warning to others. The Inca Manco, hating the Pizarros as he did, on hear- ing what was afoot, and that Yaca de Castro was in Jauja, with some of his men at Guamanga, and that Don Diego had quitted Cuzco, sent his messengers to Don Diego to tell him that he had retired to \^iticos, owing to his evil : None of them were actual murderers of the Marquis, though Picon was an accomplice who waited outside. They saw reason to expect pardon from Vaca de Castro. WAR OF CHUPAS 241 CHAPTER LXXI //o:c> Don Diego de Almagro and his followers quitted the valley of
Xaquixaguana and set out for the Apurimac bridge, and hoiv
they thought of withdrawing to the Collao.
AFTER the execution of the three Spaniards, it was
thought that all was secure, and that no more of
those who followed the banners of Chile would desert or
forsake them. Don Diego ordered that all should saddle
R
treatment by Pizarro and the quantity of gold he de-
manded of him. For these reasons he made war on the
Christians until Don Diego's father returned from Chile.
Owing to the friendship he felt for his father, if Don Diego
would go to Guamanga he would there meet him in peace.
He further informed Don Diego that Vaca de Castro was
in Jauja with a powerful army, and that he had some men
at Guamanga. When Don Diego heard this, he gave orders
for Juan Balsa to come away from Cuzco with the remnant
of the soldiers who were there, with all possible speed;
and at the same time he sent word to his lieutenant, Juan
Rodriguez Barragan to hold the city with even* precaution
and care. Juan Balsa came accordingly with the rear-guard
and such portion of the baggage as had been left there.
In Xaquixaguana the order of the march was given out,
which was that all were to travel on horseback, none on
foot. No soldiers were to leave the camp to forage for
provisions, for they travelled with an ample number of
menials specially provided for that duty. A captain was
to accompany the baggage day by clay in turns. The
people who were thus gathered together, if they had not
lost Herrada or Sotelo, might certainly have accomplished
some great deed, though it would have been very difficult.
242 CIVIL WARS OK PERU
up and be read}' to start. The tents were struck, the
soldiers and commissariat men were collected, and every-
thing was done with such regularity that no camp that had
ever been pitched in that Realm was better managed.
The daily stages were not very long. The various troops
were halted in their order, and when the camp was formed
it looked like a town, but an open space for fighting was
always left, where the soldiers could form up in case of a
sudden attack by the enemy. No one had meals in his
tent. The tables spread around bore rations common to
all, and terms of brotherhood and close companionship
prevailed throughout. But the course and frailty of events
soon overwhelmed them all with a calamity so great that
the hills of Chupas'will give testimony of it for all time.
Wherever they halted there were no idlers. The men-at-
arms exercised their bodies, or engaged in trials of skill
with their pikes, while the mounted troopers did the same,
and the arquebusiers practised their skirmishing. They
made reconnaissances, and counter reconnaissances, and
posted look-outs and sentries, all with such marvellous
order and care that it was something to see. The Indians,
who followed them constantly, set up their markets, or
tiangucz, where necessaries could be bought. Nevertheless,
and although order was kept such as I have said, and
there were few common people among them, but particu-
larly spirited captains, knights of great bravery, most gal-
lant soldiers, excellent artillery—yet, it would seem that
the\- were too few to resist such numerous enemies as had
assembled against them. And therefore, seeing plainly that
the}' held no more land in their possession than that on
which they stood, Don Diego and the captains in whom
he placed most trust consulted together over what would
be the wisest course for them to adopt.
They knew from the Indians and from the Inca himself
that Vaca de Castro was in the province of Jauja, and had
WAR OF CHUPAS 243
augmented the force which had been collected by the cap-
tains who were at Guaraz. And further, that the whole
Realm was turning against them and was paying no heed
to anything but their destruction. They felt, too, that it
would be a great piece of temerity if they presumed to
tempt God, or trust to their luck, so far as to believe that
they could overcome the forces marshalled against them,
who were all Spaniards, when the}- themselves were so few.
Considering what were best to be done in this business to
prevent their enemies, Pero Alvarez Holguin and Gomez
de Tordoya, from triumphing over them, it was concluded
that it would be a profitable thing to advance as far as the
Apurimac bridge, so that information of their going should
reach the enemy who, thinking that of a surety they had
gone in search of him, would stay where he was: whilst
they, after crossing the bridge, could make good their
retreat by a track that winds away towards the right into
the country of the Quichuas and thence past the Charcas by
a devious route, and thus evade their many enemies until
time should make clear to them how they must act. Hut,
though these were the plans discussed at this council, and
though they intended to put them into practice, yet it did
not please God that they should carry them through. For
there were persons among them who had committed mam-
murders, and had been the authors of numerous evil deeds,
and the}- could not be allowed to escape punishment. So
the}' marched by stages until they arrived at the bridge
over the Apurimac, where they spent some clays in repair-
ing it, as it had been much knocked about and was in a
ruinous state. When the captains and soldiers had passed
over to the other side of the river, with the intention
already explained, there put up at the rest-house of Cura-
huasi, where Almagro and his captains were already in-
stalled, a priest named Marquez, who, coming from Lima
over the uninhabited wilds, chanced to reach this spot and
244
CIVIL WARS OK PERU
was freely welcomed by Don Diego and his people. He
told Almagro and his captains privately that they need
not be afraid of giving battle to Vaca de Castro, because
the men who had joined him were not so numerous as had
been stated, nor were they so well provided with arms and
other things needful in war. They took heart from the
conversations and remarks of this priest, and Martin de
Bilbao and other captains said that the)- should march
against Vaca de Castro and give him battle, because he
had joined their enemies and adopted them as his de-
fenders. Don Diego, too, agreed with him.
Some captains held to the earlier decision, and gave
sound reasons for not pushing forward ; but, after discus-
sion, it was finally decided to go and take up a position at
Guamanga and thence search for Vaca de Castro. They
called upon Father Marquez to declare to all the soldiers
the smallness of the force that Vaca de Castro was bring-
ing, and that it was not fit to oppose the strength and
efficiency they themselves possessed. The priest did this.
Afterwards he said mass before all the Spaniards, and
when it was over he affirmed, by that true body of God
which had been in the chalice, that what he had told the
captains and soldiers was fact. On hearing this oath they
all rejoiced. They quitted that place the next day and,
keeping the same order, marched towards Andahuaylas,
where the Chief, named Guasco, had carried off all the
provisions to a place of hiding. For being in the encomi-
enda of the wealth}- Diego Maldonado who, he knew, was
with Vaca de Castro, this Chief was unwilling to befriend
the opposite party. Moreover he had a writ from Vaca de
Castro empowering him to kill any Spaniard of the men
of Chile's party who should countermand the Governor's
requisitions. When the Spaniards saw that the Indians
were not peaceably disposed, the}' were enraged with them ;
but this was no time to busy themselves with punishing
WAR OF CHUPAS 245
LETTER FROM DON DIECO DE ALMAGRO TO THE
GOVERNOR YACA DE CASTRO
"VERY MAGNIFICENT SIR,
News that I have heard has disquieted me to such
an extent that, were it not affirmed by eye-witnesses,
Indians, so they made their own preparations for getting
onward as best the)' could, having first despatched the
licentiate de La Gama with an embassy to the camp of
Vaca de Castro to discuss peace. Vaca de Castro ordered
him and those who came with him to lodge at Guaylas,
which is on the other side of the river. He listened to the
message of the embassy, and remarked that there were
many in the camp of Don Diego who desired to quit the
error of their ways, but had not been able to contrive to
do so. The upshot of this embassy was, that Vaca de
Castro directed that Juan Balsa and another leader from
among the principal men should come, and he would dis-
cuss terms of peace with them.
At this time, Don Diego had arrived at the royal resi-
dence of Vilcas, where he made himself secure, and
pitched his camp among those ruined [Inca] edifices,
under the superintendence of his Sergeant-major Suarez,
a trusty fellow well versed in affairs of war. Here Don
Diego and his captains determined to send messengers
afresh to Yaca de Castro, in order to treat for peace; and
they deemed that it would be of great help in justifying
their claims if two letters were written, one by Don Diego
and the other by his captains. I possess the originals of
those letters, which I here set down word for word, as it
is my habit to do with many others that 1 put in and will
put in. The messenger who carried them was Lope de
ldiaquez. The letter from Don Diego ran thus :
246 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
I could not have imagined that your Worship, coming as
his Majesty's minister to establish peace and justice in
this his land, is favouring the very people who have dis-
turbed it: a thing unheard of and truly unworthy to be
believed of such a person, and one so qualified, who,
combining great tact with abilities that man}'others have
lacked—according to what has been publicly stated here-
abouts—was selected for the Presidency of [the Audience
of] Panama and for the redress of grievances.
It seems to me that your Worship is adding point to
the injuries done to my father by the Pizarros; for,
whilst their followers are the men who sowed the trouble
in these parts, your Worship comes not to root them
out, that the evil seed may be lost, but conspires with
those who have hitherto helped to maintain it against
me and against those who are striving with me to de-
fend so just a cause, together with the well-merited favour
of the territory and government of New Toledo, which
his Majesty granted to my father for his very signal
services.
On account of those services it was his pleasure that
I, as a grateful and dutiful Prince, should enjoy the
position after his da}-, as your Worship will have learnt
from the licentiate Antonio de La Gama and the assessor
Gonzalo Hernandez who, I make no doubt, have been
with you now some days. Besides the credentials I gave
them, the\- carried certain instructions and drafts to dis-
cuss with your Worship; but as I am not certain whether
those about your Worship's person will have taken steps
to prevent my pleas from being heard, or my messengers
from stating them to your Worship on my behalf, I am
now sending, charged with the same, Lope de ldiaquez
who, actuated solely by zeal for his Majesty's service,
and free from all bias, as those who know him are aware,
has resolved to undertake this mission, without my being
WAR OF CHUPAS 247
able to deter him from it, in spite of its dangerous nature
at the present time, owing to the native Indians waging
war and not sparing the life of any Christian; which
natives say and declare that what they do is by your
order, communicated to them by Maldonado, on the
part of your Worship, through his servant named Juan
de Finos, who is now in their villages, and that Palomino
and other dwellers in Guamanga are spurring them on
to act up to it. This has been the cause of ten Christians
being killed, some of whom were on their way home to
Spain with what the)' possessed; and, in addition to that,
the Indians have seized their holdings. Notwithstanding
all these alarms he [ldiaquez] has been read}' to risk
his safety in this praiseworthy effort. He sympathizes
with the Indians for the vast toil and loss of life suffered
by them, and recognizes the great evils that would fall
upon this country if your Worship persist in the aims
which I am assured you have in view. He knows well
what has happened in these parts since the}' were dis-
covered, what faults the Pizarros have committed, and
what was done against my father and those who followed
him. He knows my intention, for I have declared it; he
knows my right [of possession], and will state my justifi-
cations for me as one who understands how proper and
equitable I hold them to be, that that right may be pre-
served to me.
And having sent those whom 1 did send with what 1
have to say, but having as yet received no reply from your
Worship nor from them, I am earnestly hoping to learn
what moves your Worship to side with my enemies in
this regard. Since therefore, the bearer will full}- and
always truthfully explain matters, I will not dally with
the subject, but commit myself entirely to his statement,
which is, that—being aware that your Worship comes
against me with an armed force for my detriment, in
248
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
association with my enemies, or it were better to say his
Majesty's enemies—being myself likewise in arms, not
against your Worship but to support you against any
who will not obey your Presidential decrees, as I will do
if it should be necessary—and fearing that your Worship
is deceived by those who appear to me so bent, I quitted
Cuzco to go and seek for you; and on my arrival here I
learnt what I have stated, which scandalized me not a
little. So, however, let your Worship understand that I
possess letters patent from his Majesty in which he con-
stituted this Government in favour of my father, with a
provision that it should devolve upon whomsoever he
should leave it to; and he left it to me, his son, as set
forth in the clause of his will, which, if you have thought
proper, you will by now have seen, for the Licentiate and
the Assessor conveyed it to you with every precaution.
I say that my followers and myself arc servants and
subjects of His Majesty, and, as such, we carry the im-
perial standard and fight under it in defence of this con-
stitution, until His Majesty—being informed of the shame-
ful death inflicted on my father and many of his followers,
of the great wrongs done him and them, and of how the
Pizarros killed him to rob him of what was his, that
they might bribe whom they thought fit and become
sharers of his property in despite of his heir [and such
abominable outrages should never reach his Majesty's
ears]—shall send to order whatever action will best con-
duce to his service. And if I should learn that the issue
of his pleasure is that I am not to hold this Government
in his name, I will resign it, together with the arms; and
I and those about me will go, without any delay, to justify
ourselves on bended knee before his imperial presence.
In case your Worship should not have joined with, or
should sever yourself from, my enemies, you will receive
my obedience accordingly; but I declare to your Worship
WAR OF CM UPAS 249
that, in the contrary event, my followers and myself will
defend the boundaries of this Government, and oppose
ourselves against all who would usurp them. Frankly,
therefore, see the evils that may arise, and weigh well
the situation, and the great disservice to God and to
his Majesty. Consent not that the clouds which have
gathered shall pour forth, and plunge the subjects of his
Majesty, and the natives of this hapless land, in wretched-
ness yet greater than they have suffered in the past,
which is not a little. Do not bring upon them the
miseries of war; but, laying arms aside, let your Worship
rest with the government of Xew Castille, and leave me
with this which his Majesty has conferred upon me,
where 1 shall see that the roads are opened up, and the
Indians live in peace, and his Majesty's good pleasure is
known, for that will I obey. And this 1 commend to
your Worship not once, but twice, and thrice over, and
as many times as of right I may and ought, in God's
behalf and that of his Majesty; and as to the injuries and
loss of life that must result in the land and among the
natives of the soil, which are very pitiful to behold, and
also the losses of royal fifths, so long as your Worship
and those of your party remain obdurate, be they upon
your Worship's head and upon the heads of your
followers, and not upon mine and my companions'! For
your Worship comes not wanting peace—though you
were sent to promote that, and not to foment war—but
with sword in hand and the favour of my enemies, to
slay me and mine for defending his Majesty's territory,
which he has conferred upon me by commission. And
therefore, being unwilling to gloss over these scandals,
I say that the cause of them will be laid to your
Worship's account. If you do not seek me out I will
endeavour to delay this affair for so long a time as I
may be able to, and while not constrained to strike
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
in my own defence; pending a knowledge of what course
his Majesty may be pleased to direct to be taken in
reference to the despatch which Jeronimo de Surbano
carries from me. and who is by now surely in yonder
country [Spain] with it. But if your Worship acts to the
contrary I shall not quit the field until one or the other
side lies vanquished.
And I pray to God to hear me, now as in the past,
that I may inspire the whole country with devotion to
his Majesty, and restore his royal fifths and estates which
have been so plundered in the past, and daily look to be
yet more so, by the disturbers of the peace who have
come from Cuzco. Furthermore, I would bring the Inca,
the natural lord of these parts, to his allegiance, for it is
my enemies who have been the cause of his not submit-
ting through my intervention before; and 1 hope to see
this very soon, for though he is an Indian he recognizes
the treasons and misdeeds of the Pizarros and their
adherents, as such, and the justice and right that are on
my side, and upholds me. Thus the Inca leads the way
for me in making war upon those false servants of his
Majesty; and against your Worship likewise (unless you
change your front) for having linked yourself with them.
Yet I hold it for sure that your Worship can have no
desire to injure me, if it be, or has been, in your power
to do so. Farewell.
Vilcas, the fourth of September of [the year] one
thousand five hundred and forty-two."
DIEGO DE ALMAGRO.
The foregoing letter was given by Don Diego de
Almagro out of his own hand to Lope de ldiaquez; and
also this other, from the Captains, which, taken from the
original without altering a sentence or anything else, ran
word for word thus:—
WAR OF CHUPAS
251
LETTER FROM THE CAPTAINS OF DON DIEGO TO THE
GOVERNOR VACA DE CASTRO
" ILLUSTRIOUS SIR,
We have not yet heard the thunder of justice which
your Lordship comes to establish in these parts, nor seen
the flash of the justice you wish to afford us, for we have
been blind these many days. Your Lordship was right in
holding us to be servants and vassals of his Majesty; but
we could not persuade ourselves that we are so if we let
pass in silence what we hear, and did not announce to
your Lordship what the service of God and of his
Majesty appears to us to be. Of this we are confident,
that, if your Lordship takes the opinion of our enemies,
in nothing will you advance the cause of peace in
preference to war. God loves peace, and in his name Don
Diego de Almagro loves it out of respect for God and
his Majesty's interests. We also desire it as being his
right, and because we see him inclined towards even-
good purpose. And as a messenger offers who will give
your Lordship a full account of our wishes, we refer you
to him. Further we say, that his Majesty's interests
cannot be served by a war and the deaths of so many-
people; and since, coming as your Lordship does in
company with our enemies, this cannot be avoided, we
beseech your Lordship to part from them, and, placing
yourself between us as mediator, strive to bring about
some sort of agreement until his Majesty, on being-
made aware of what has occurred, and of the justice of
Don Diego's cause, shall decide according to his royal
will. For wre, who have hitherto helped, and will continue
to help until death, to maintain the privilege which his
Majesty granted to Don Diego's father, and to Don
Diego himself in his name, of this government of New
Toledo, do declare to your Lordship that, if you persist
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
in opposing it by force of arms, you will find us on its
frontier defending it against all the world until his
Majesty may otherwise command: and unless we know
that, of his imperial pleasure, he has issued a command
to us to the contrary, we fight until those of one party
are vanquished.
Now that our rights and our minds are known to
your Lordship, also our equipment of artillery, munitions,
friends, and arms and the rest, as well as very stout wills
to attack against odds, we supplicate you, again and
again, for some fair arrangement for peace. Being all in
agreement, we unanimously ask this from your Lordship
in the name of God and his Majesty, with all the respect
we owe and are under obligation to observe. If it be re-
fused, we protest that all the harm, shortages, deaths of
men, losses of land and of its natives, deterioration of
royal fifths and estates, will lie at the doors of your Lord-
ship and of those who are banded with you, as- persons
who on account of their private interests do not desire
peace, but neglect the service of our King for the sake of
profit, and do not support the Governor and Ministers.
So then we approach you betimes and peacefully, and,
finding your Lordship, as we are informed, thus com-
mitted to war against subjects of his Majesty among
whom you were sent here to preserve harmony, we ask
for that which it is your bounden duty to promote.
.And why is it that Pero Alvarez and Tordoya, and
the passionate men who went from here in their com-
pany, and have now been received into yours, are now
urging you to come against Don Diego and us who
follow him, giving you to understand that of the people
who favour him, some, on hearing the King's name, will
go over to your Lordship, and others will make off to
Chile, so that you would be able to become a great lord
and acquire land without risking anything? To this we
WAR OF CHUPAS 253
Murdeiers of the Marquis Pizarro.
; Accomplices.
reply that Don Diego, and we who are with him, have
the will of his Majesty, and the good of his service
more at heart than our own lives and properties. We,
therefore, support his royal decrees; and since you have
sheltered yourself under the protection of our enemies
and come against us in such ruthless fashion, seeking to
destroy us and put to death those of us whom the)- list,
we now assure your Lordship that, in the hour when
we hear that your Lordship is moving against Don
Diego, we shall march to do battle with minds galled
by the ill treatment we have received and expect to
receive, from your Lordship, if we do not defend our-
selves. It seems to us that in this course we fulfil a duty
we owe to God and to our King, so that we at no time fail
to be deemed his true subjects and vassals, and jealous
guardians of his honour like faithful servants. And wish-
ing to be the same towards your Lordship we cannot
exaggerate the boon we should feel it if your Lordship
would ponder this deeply and become a mediator, and
not remain partial on the side of the most unjust cause
in the world. But if peradventure you will not reconsider
it, we trust that God will make his justice manifest, as
in the past. Feeling sure that your Lordship will see
that what we ask is the best, we will not prolong our
argument any further. From Vilcas, September fourth
one thousand five hundred and forty-two.
Juan Balsa {killed in flighty Cardenas {hangedy
Diego de Hoces {hanged)1 Pedro de Candia {killed by
Diego Mendez {killed for Don Diego at Chupas)
the murder of the Inca Martin Cote {hanged)1
Manco) 1 Juan Gutierrez Malaver !
Martin de Bilbao {killedin Pedro de Oñate {hanged)'
battle at Chupas)1 Juan Perez {hanged)!'-
254
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
When this letter had been written it was entrusted to
Lope de ldiaquez for him to deliver to Vaca de Castro,
and he was to do his best to avoid any breach, adhering to
the saying of Cicero that he had " never known a peace so
bad but it was not better than a good war." Although
Don Diego and his captains could easily have enjoyed
peace if they had been so minded, yet people desirous of
laying violent hands on what does not belong to them are
not wont to keep or appreciate that blessing. ldiaquez in-
tended to conduct the negociations in such a way that
they should have a good ending.
How the Gover>ior Vaca de Castro quitted the province of Jauja for
tiie city of Guamanga, where the captain Diego dc Rojas then was.
\ FTER the Governor, Vaca de Castro, had adroitly
A \- restored friendship between the captains Alonso de
Alvarado and Pero Alvarez Holguin, and had distributed
among the soldiers all the arms that were there,he addressed
them, urging them to prove themselves strong men, and so
firm that, by chastising the insurgents, the country might
be free from oppression and his Majesty absolute lord of
the land. For the despatch of business he brought with
him as his secretary Pero Lopez, a native of Llerena, as we
have already said, and he ordered him to keep the letters
which the licentiate de La Gama and the assessor Gonzalo
Hernandez had brought. And as the infantry had already
begun to march out, an order was given to the cavalry to
do the same, and the Guancas were requested, in friendly
words, to provide Indians for carrying the munitions and
camp baggage, which they did. When all was in order, the
CHAPTER LXXI I
WAR OF CHUPAS
255
Governor set out, with the royal standard of the eagle
carried by Rodrigo de Campo. They marched in good
order until they reached the village of Picoy, where they had
a short rest, being anxious to get on to Guamanga, where
Diego de Rojas had taken up a position and prudently
built a fortress for his garrison to remain entrenched in if
he should be attacked by the enemy. As it was thought
certain throughout the Realm that there would be a battle
between the factions of Pachacama and Chile,1 public prayers
were offered up, especially in the city of Lima, where they
made great sacrifices to our God, the monks of all the
orders going forth in processions, and praying for Divine
aid, and that the victory might be given to Yaca de
Castro, because he was waging war in the name of the
king. The Spanish women, on their part, did the same,
and fearing lest victor}' might fall to the Chile part}-, they
put their goods and chattels on board the ships, intending,
if the news should prove bad, to embark also themselves.
Diego de Rojas received word that Don Diego was at
Vilcas, and sent messengers to Yaca de Castro, urging him
to come to Guamanga with all possible speed, to forestall
the enemy's approach. When this news reached the
Governor at Parcos it caused great excitement, as if the
enemy were already charging lance in hand, and the
alarm was given at once. The Governor, in a state of
perturbation, went from place to place, ordering his
troops to march off in haste and occupy Guamanga. He
ordered Captain Pedro Anzures to rush back and call up
Alonso de Alvarado, who had dropped behind with his
company of lancers, as well as the rest of the people who
were still on the road. Pedro Anzures went back and gave
the news to Alonso de Alvarado, who presently arrived at
Parcos. The Governor then advanced, going down bv
1 i.e. of Yaca de Castro and Diego de Almagro.
2$6 CIVIL WARS OK I'ERU
the way where Juan Chico was killed, when the ill-fated
de Morgobejo retired to die on the heights of Lanaliuana.
From there Vaca de Castro ordered Lope Martin to push
forward on horseback to Guamanga and find out whether
Diego de Rojas had any further news. He came back with
the same news they had before. As some of the companies
of foot had gone far ahead, the Governor gave orders for
them to be halted until the whole force was together. At
Vinaquc he pitched the camp with them all united. From
the scouts sent out by Diego de Rojas, the news came
that Don Diego was marching down from Vilcas to occupy
Guamanga. This report caused more excitement than the
former one, and Yaca cle Castro held a consultation with his
captains, whereat it was decided to push briskly forwards so
as to reach Guamanga before Don Diego could enter it.
They began their march in great disorder, so that, if the
enemy had been near, the}' would easily have been routed.
On arriving at Guamanga, the various sections entered the
plaza, and mounted the culverins the}- had brought with
them, at the ingress to the streets. The}' remained there
that night, and next da)' the truth was learned, which was
that Don Diego was still at Vilcas, and had not started
nor moved his men the distance of an arquebus shot. The
Governor passed out from the city on the side towards
Vilcas, the tents were pitched, and the captain Pedro
Anzures arrived with the laggers behind and the baggage
train, so that all were united.
WAR OF CHUPAS
CHAPTER LXXI 11
How ldiaquez arrived at the camp of Vaca de Castro to treat for peace
just when the Governor wanted to send messengers to Vilcas.
VACA DE CASTRO and his captains consulted to-
gether, after the camp had been pitched in the
manner related, as to what should be their next step,
being now so near the enemy. All agreed that messengers
should be sent to Don Diego, demanding that he should
withdraw his unjust pretensions, enter his Majesty's service,
and deliver up his banners and troops. The messenger was
also to take letters and despatches to some of his principal
adherents. The Governor had just ordered his secretary
to get the letters written when Lope de ldiaquez and the
factor Mercado arrived and went in to see Vaca de Castro.
The letters of Almagro and his captains were presented
together with the protocol of terms proposed, which were
that Vaca de Castro should disband the force he had col-
lected, that Don Diego would do likewise with his, that
Vaca de Castro would withdraw to Lima and remain there
as Chief of New Castille, and that Don Diego would return
to Cuzco and the province of Xew Toledo until the king
should make his pleasure known ; and other things not
needful to quote. The Governor Vaca de Castro displayed
some anger and vexation at the letters they had written to
him. But he had doubts whether to pursue the war, and
privately desired peace, knowing that there would be a
creat slaughter, since there were men of such fortitude and
undaunted spirit on both sides, and that it would lie in his
hands to give battle, but in God our Lord's to award the
victory to whom He pleased. So, wishing in his own mind
to avoid a day so critical as must be that on which the
s
258 CIVIL WARS OF THRU
battle would take place, he had his most influential sup-
porters summoned to a consultation, together with his
captains, and they discussed the question of what they
ought to do, somewhat hotly. The}' decided that Vaca
de Castro should write to Don Diego and to all his cap-
tains, in a kindly and mild tone, to attach them to the
service of his Majesty and to jjropo.se that Juan Balsa
should come to the royal camp to ratify peace, while, to
fully assure him of safety and that he need not be in any
fear of treachery, Alonso de Alvarado would go to Don
Diego's camp.
So the Governor ordered his secretary, Pero Lopez, to
write the letters forthwith, urging Don Diego to yield to
the call of his Majesty's service, and reminding him of the
labours undergone by his father to acquire honour and
fame; so that he should not lose, by his conduct, all that the
old Adelantado had gained. The letter to Don Diego
pointed out too that nothing had been altered by his father's
death, as it was understood that he [the son] lacked level-
headed and prudent men to give him temperate advice
but that, nevertheless, he ought not to pin his faith on arms
and artillery alone, for if the conscience be not clear, force
avails but little, seeing that it is ordained from above by
command of the Most High God that justice must jjre-
vail. Besides this, he wrote other things counselling him
what was proper, and bidding him give ear to what Lope
de ldiaquez and the factor Mercado would say, from him,
when they should get back. Letters were also written to
the captains, urging them to join the service of the king,
and they gave private letters to the messengers for many
other persons in the camp.
WAR OF CHUPAS
259
CHAPTER LXXIV
How Vaca de Castro, notivitlistanding that he had entered into these
negotiations, sent Alonso Camarilla as a spy to the camp of Don
Diego, ivith letters to many who were there, and how he was cap-
tured bv fuan Diente when scouts were sent out from Vilcas, and
on confessing what he went for, was put to death.
T T AVIXG issued the despatches to the messengers
X L who were to carry them, the Governor Vaca de
Castro resorted to a precaution, by which he sought, privily
and without the messengers who were engaged in the
negociations knowing it, to send a spy. This spy was a
certain Alonso Garcia Camarilla, a great walker whom we
mentioned in an earlier book, when he was sent by Her-
nando Pizarro, during the siege of Cuzco, to Yuca}' with
Manco Inca. They then wanted to kill him, but he escaped
from thence by his swiftness of foot, because his place of
sepulture was destined to be at Vilcas. In all the land
there was not a man ready and fitted to act the spy, un-
less it were this one, and Juan Diente who captured him,
as we shall relate. Having removed his beard and casting
off his Spanish clothes, he put on the garb of an Indian,
rubbed his lips and back teeth with that precious herb
which grows on the skirts of the Andes, and leaving the
sword of which he was unworthy, he took a staff in his
hand, and in a pouch or small wallet he put the letters
which Vaca de Castro gave him for the camp of Don
Diego. Having acquainted himself with the features of
that camp and the method that was observed in it he was
to return with all diligence and make his report. In such
wise was Alonso Garcia despatched, that anyone who saw
him set forth from the camp would, of a certainty, have
believed he was some Indian. Lope de ldiaquez and the
factor Mercado also took their leave of the Governor.
260
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
At this time the Chile faction, after they had despatched
those who were to treat for peace, were very watchful in
their camp. They sent scouts out in all directions, that
their enemies might not take them unprepared ; and one
day it fell to the lot of Juan Diente, an excellent soldier
and great walker, to go out scouting. He struck away to
the right of the position of Vilcas, near some snowy moun-
tains, and went up to the crest of a ridge to see if by
chance any Spaniard might be coming in the direction of
Guamanga. Alonso Garcia was then coming along, and
had a mind to pass that way; he was seen, however, by
Juan Diente who thought he was an Indian, as the man's
dress led him to assume. Nevertheless Diente went briskly
down towards the place where he had seen him. Alonso
Garcia, who travelled by no means unwarily, raised his
eyes to the high crests and snowy tracts above and
noticed the Spaniard coming down. Seeing that he was
one of the enemy he turned back into another path
which led to some great rocks and deep caves. Diente,
who excelled him in agility, got down with no little diffi-
culty; and following the other's trail, his great experience
told him that the man in front was not an Indian. He
went forward and presently he overtook him already
hiding in one of the caves. Though Alonso Garcia was a
tremendous walker and a unique spy, he came at last
to be captured by Juan Diente, who was a better, though
no other man in the country was his equal. Having secured
him, Diente took him, as a prisoner, to the camp at Vilcas;
where, in obedience to military emergency, and notwith-
standing that he had been a soldier of the old Adelantado's,
they tortured him until he confessed that he came as a
spy, and with letters from Vaca de Castro, and other things.
In payment for his activities, and the mischief those ac-
tivities would have brought upon the men of .Chile if Juan
Diente had not outwitted and captured him, Don Diego
WAR OF CHUPAS
26l
ordered that Camarilla should be hanged. When they were
about to fix the rope round his neck he said these words:
" By the pass in which I am, I tell you that there are a
thousand and one hundred fighting men against you, very
well equipped, and thoroughly bent on your destruction.
This I say because, although you are taking my life, it
irks me that you should be undone." Then the rope was
tightened, and he yielded up his soul.
The words that Juan Diente1 spoke to those indomitable
captains and soldiers with such earnestness caused no fear
in the minds of those who were no more than five hundred
and fifty, while their enemies numbered one thousand one
hundred. With great uproar, grasping their beards in their
hands, the)7 declared that they would not be a part}* to any
terms for peace, but rather would they give battle un-
daunted by any power that might come against them. I
know not what cause ma}7 have inspired the few to feel
so little fear against the man}7, for they had all been born
in that country which is comparable to a bullock's hide.2
And in truth, it was ordained that many or all of them for
their sins were never again to see the land of their birth.
Cruel fortune was about to make an end of the warriors
from Maule, and overthrow the Chilean faction at a single
blow. Fired with enthusiasm they one and all vehemently
sought for battle, though I cannot tell whether they
sought it through the stimulus of valour or overmastering
anger. Some there are whom fear of expected disaster
drives to risk every danger; and these waited very anxiously
to see what result the negotiation, that Lope de ldiaquez
had gone to conduct, might have. One Francisco Gallego
went over to the enemy whilst out scouting, and before
that, Juan Garcia, Fero Lopez de Ayala, Diego Lopez
Becerra, and others who had been friends of Garcia de
1 Spain in geographical outline.
262
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
Alvarado had clone the same. Hut although these had
escaped, and it was clearly known that some others had
the same desire, this was not enough to daunt the Al-
magrists, or put fear into their adamantine hearts, for they
already held the latter cause fixed in their breasts.
CHAPTER LXXV
How the messengers returned to the camp at Vilcas, no way being-
found that could lead to peace, so that they had to trust to arms
for the defence of their cause.
WHEN the letters were given to Alonso Garcia,
neither Lope cle ldiaquez nor the factor Mercado
observed it, because the others took care that they should
not know or understand. They left Guamanga with the
letters and despatches they were given, and travelled until
they reached Vilcas. The terms demanded by Yaca de
Castro were then made known. He required the Almagro
camp to be broken up, and that Martin de Pilbao, San
Millan, Diego de Hoces, Juan Rodriguez Barragan, Martin
Cote and. the others who had been concerned in the death
of the Marquis, should be given up to him; and promised
that the fullest mercy would be shown to Don Diego in the
name of his Majesty. To effect this settlement Juan Balsa
was to go to Guamanga, and the captain Alonso de Al-
varado was to come to Vilcas, so as to avoid by this plan
the vast evils that would result if the war continued.
The captains resolved to meet and consider what should
be done, Don Diego and the messengers being also present
at the consultation. After some discussion they decided
to send Juan Balsa to offer that if Vaca cle Castro would
pardon the murderers, they would abide by his terms as
regards everything else. While affairs were in a fair way
to reach this conclusion, a letter came on the scene, which
WAR OF CHUPAS 263
Agamenon had written to Pedro de Candia, his father-in-
law, inciting him to tamper with the artillery, for he saw
that he had gone astray and was acting against the service
of his royal Majesty, and warning him that, such was the
strength of the Governor's forces, the Almagro party could
not fail to be conquered, and that then they would be looked
upon as traitors: and other things in like strain. This
letter was brought from the aforesaid Agamenon by an
Indian, and at the time when he delivered it, this Indian
was asked whether any other Spaniard had seen the letter:
he replied that the messengers had read it. Pedro de
Candia, on reflection, then guessed that this was a snare
laid to entrap him;1 so without reading the letter he went
straight to the consultation of officers which was just then
in progress, where he showed the letter and read it openly.
At this, the lives of the messengers came near being for-
feited there and then: so monstrously indignant were Don
Diego and the others on seeing that while in one hand
they brought an appeal for peace, they craftily waged war
with the other. In a raging passion all swore that they
would conquer or die, ordering the messengers to go back
with that for an answer, and tell the enemy to hurry up,
and that neither the)- nor any other messengers were to
return again with overtures, if they valued their lives. Thus
was ever}- way towards peace closed. The messengers did
not dally, but promptly got their horses and were hustled
out of the camp. Don Diego de Almagro, mounted on a
powerful steed, ordered a general muster of all his men in
the plaza, which occupied a triangular space between the
ruined palaces and the temple of the sun. As they were
all so fond of the youth there was little slackness in obey-
ing his command, and stationing himself in the midst of
them all, Don Diego thus addressed them:
' As his name implies, the wily Pedro was a Cretan.
264 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
"Oh my companions and loyal friends!—I well believe
that none of you are ignorant of the great merits, valour
and liberality of the Adelantado Don Diego de Almagro,
my father, or unaware that his was the first sword to re-
claim from their savagery the multitude of barbarians in
this region and in those which extend as far as the river
Maulc, thus bringing many of them under the Spanish
yoke and into the royal service. He was the ladder by
which the Pizarros rose, in recompense for which he was
most cruelly deprived of his life. Afterwards, through lack
of attention in Spain in providing for the administration
of justice for which we waited, and finding, as was publicly
known, that the Judge who was coming would be disposed
only to add to our troubles and forlorn condition, and would
not afford us justice (as he had been appointed through
the influence of that warm befriender of the Pachacama
party, Cardinal Loaysa) and seeing that we were denied
on all sides the justice we had so long been expecting,
it pleased God to lift the veil from his hidden judgments
and, that they might be known now and for ever, to let
the Marquis pa)7 with his life for the death which through
his cruelty and that of his traitor brother had been in-
flicted on my father. Well! since our Lord put such forti-
tude and spirit into your hearts that without difficult}- you
became indomitable men ready for any deed of strength,
willing to suffer great hardships, hunger, cold and heat, I
entreat you, in all earnestness, not to fail now, when fortune
calls upon us to defend our lives and honour, which are
poised but on the points of our lances and in the bullets
of our arquebuses. Therefore I bid ye sally forth from
this fort with willing heroism to seek out our enemies, and
to let them understand the gallantry and courage with
which our persons are endowed. And should it not please
God to give us the glory of victory, we shall at least sell
our lives at such a price that no one else will care to
WAR OF CHUPAS 265
CHAPTER LXXVI
How the messengers arrived at the camp of Vaca de Castro, how it was
learnt that Don Diego had left Vilcas, how Pedro Ansa res went
to reconnoitre; and how the opposing forces approached to give
battle, each leader animating his men and exhorting them to fight.
THE time was now approaching when the hills of
Chupas would be sprinkled with the blood of men
who were born in Spain, to bear witness in future times
that the herbs and stunted bushes growing on them are
seedlings sprung from Spanish elements. And you ! ghosts
of Tabogan captains, if one may call you such, there in
the place where your deeds have laid you, gaze upon the
purchase them, whilst winning perpetual fame by our deeds.
Upon that soldier who shall bring me an enemy's head,
from that moment I will bestow the lordship of his victim's
repartimiento, and, if he should have been a married man,
the victor shall step into his place in the marriage chamber,
and enjoy the society of the widow."
Young Don Diego had scarcely finished his speech when
the soldiers, raising their right hands, shouted clamour-
ously to be led to battle. So the camp was at once broken
up and next day they marched to Pomacocha, a strong
position, where they proposed to halt, and even to wait
until they could know whether the enemy had quitted
Chupas to offer battle at Sachabamba, a suitable, open plain
where artillery could be effectively used. But as Death
was now hovering over their heads, in their eagerness and
impetuosity they had the tents struck again, and insisted
on moving forward to pass the night at Sachabamba, in-
tending next day either to come face to face with the
enemy, or march into Guamanga.
266
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
fabric you have woven, and watch how your ever-binding
oath is accomplished to the utmost! Ay, remember the
famous Incas, with their Iluayna Capac, and consider
the dire vengeance being exacted for the ruin brought
about in the Yupanqui lineage, and whether other weapons
were not called for rather than those by whose means
rash men brought about and wreaked that havoc. And you
Romans! who so exalt the events that occurred in your
Rome during the civil wars, see how there arose another
mad struggle, near the equator, so long-drawn that eleven
years sped by before it ended, wherein there were not want-
ing its Curios, its Scaevolas, its Centalios, nor its Brutuscs !
For in this war, while hearts were transfixed by lance, and
bullets tore by their impetuosity the entrails and the caul,
as if to cast the soul out by the mouth, some gave the battle
cry "Almagro ! " and others " Pizarro ! " but all shouted for
"the King!" I know not how I shall set about relating
such a horror, nor which side I can look upon as in the
right, but, after all, tyranny is a fearsome and hateful thing
before the divine throne. And since I must not leave un-
finished the task I have begun—though man}* times 1 have
stayed my hand, and thrust the paper on one side that
we might escape the sooner from such pangs—it will be
necessary to relate what Lope de ldiaquez and the factor
Mercado did when the}- left the camp which was about
to become a sacrifice to its own foil}-. The}- were not a
little glad to find themselves clear of it, and at once made
for Guamanga.
The Governor, Yaca de Castro, having sent the messen-
gers, and with them, as their text, the law of the Partida,
which, according to the lawyers, declares those who deny
obedience to the king to be traitors, he held a consultation
with the principal leaders in his camp. Learning from the
Indian Chiefs that Don Diego had departed from Yilcas,
and suspecting that he might be going by the route of
WAR OF CHUPAS 267
1 Francisco de Carbajal, afterwards the lieutenant of Gonzalo Pizarro
and a ruthless executioner of traitors to his cause.
Guaytara to Lima, where he would do even more harm
than when he killed the Marquis, Vaca cle Castro moved
his forces from where they had halted, and marched that
day, which was a Friday, until they took up a position on
the level ground of CHUPAS. This was done on the advice
of them all.
That night there was a storm so violent that nothing
short of torrents of water fell from the clouds and thick-
ness, accompanied by loud peals of thunder, insomuch that
the very elements appeared to be enemies. They passed
a very troublous night, for many soldiers had no pro-
tection from the rain for the arms the}' would have to
fight with on the following day; and if the armies should
meet it seemed likely that the artillery and arquebuses
could do little harm If this battle were being joined in
Spain, or if one host encountered another in Italy, there
would be no cause for wonder, and nothing need be stated
beyond the fact that two thousand men met to kill each
other. But it is a striking and remarkable thing that, after
making such protracted voyages as those by way of the
Southern Ocean, and arriving in driblets a few at a time,
so man)- of our people should join together, and that,
though in the aggregate their numbers are not large, they
should cause all the nations and regions from the Strait to
the uttermost parts of the land to tremble, without the
barbarians daring to oppose them. I know well that two
thousand Spaniards outside my country, wherever they
ma)- be, are feared, and that the}- can carry on civil war
with terrible savagery, as will presently be shown by the
case of a soldier who filled the post of Sergeant-major in
the force of Vaca de Castro.1 Never was a Marius, or
Sylla, a Dionisius, or Falaris, his equal in cruelty; for in
26S
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
ever\- phase of cruelty he showed himself a past master
of the class 1 have mentioned and the trees 1 from Quito
to the hill-crest of Potosi bear witness to it.
And now when the night was far spent and the falling
snow had scattered many of its flakes over the face of the
country, and the weather seemed clear enough to go forth,
the Governor Vaca de Castro ordered a reconnaissance to
be made. Presently a very laughable thing happened,
which was that Don Pedro Puertocarrero, and one Juan de
Mora, straying apart from the rest of the scouts, came to
where there were some crags and great rocks. In the
twilight Don Pedro thought they were the enemy's patrols
and that he could dash through them to give notice to
his captain, so he put his lance to the rest and charged
the rocks in such fashion that the lance was shivered to
pieces, and his horse and himself nearly broke their necks.
Those who went out to reconnoitre that morning did get
sight of the enemy scouts, and reported it to Vaca de Castro.
Little time elapsed before the factor Mercado and Lope
ldiaquez arrived where the Governor was, and reported
what had occurred, and how the men of Chile had been
minded to kill them; and finally that war was certain, and
peace quite out of reach, for the enemy would brook none
but what they might win at the point of their lances. They
said that there were five hundred Spaniards at Vilcas, well
armed and mounted, and some experienced fighting men
amongst them, all firmly resolved to conquer or die. On
hearing this the Governor ordered his secretary Pero
Lopez to enter it in the records together with the letters
from Almagro and his captains. He then called a meeting
oi all his captains and combatant officers, and said to
them: " You are aware of the correspondence I have had
with Don Diego and his followers who are accomplices
From which he hung his victims.
WAR OF CHUPAS 269
with him in the tyranny they have set up. To avoid blood-
shed and for the service his father rendered to his Majesty
I was anxious that this boy should not be lost, but he
has refused to repent and enjoy the clemency and the
pardon his Majesty would have granted him. On the
contrary, he was on the point of murdering the ambas-
sadors, and, not to mention the crafty and insincere
letters he has written to me, now comes against us to
give us battle with tyrannical fury, and an insatiable greed
to usurp and rule over the Realm: a thing to which we
cannot consent, nor allow such a great calamity to befall.
That our men may take heart, and that punishment pro-
portionate to so great a crime may be dealt, my decision
is that he and his defenders are traitors, and that whatever
may be found in his camp is lawful plunder."
The captains Alonso de Alvarado, I'ero Alvarez Holguin,
Garcilaso de la Vega, Diego de Rojas, Pedro de Castro
and the Sergeant-major Francisco de Caravajal, and the
rest who were present, replied that Vaca de Castro was
Governor on behalf of the King, and very learned in letters,
and that therefore they, as his executive, would support
him in all things he might feel it right to be done. When
the meeting broke up, the drums were sounded, the
soldiers stood to their arms and, in a loud voice that all
might hear, Don Diego and his confederates were pro-
claimed as traitors, unless they should surrender within six
davs from the date of summons. The soldiers of the Kino;
were given free leave, also, to loot the enemy's camp. Yaca
de Castro did not hold a commission to proclaim this on
his own authority, nor had his Majesty given him powers
to that effect; but in such times war must be conducted in
a way to instil fear. Having done this, Vaca de Castro
retired into his tent, lifted up his hands before a crucifix,
and besought God for aid, for he knew how strong His
desire was for peace and how He deprecated war.
2JO CIVIL WARS OK PERU
At this time the men of Chile were about a league from
the Pachacama forces. Don Diego held a consultation with
his officers to decide what should be done. There was some
difference of opinion. Some thought that the)- should give
battle to their enemies, which could easily be done. Others
said that victory would be easier to gain by going out
to the spur of Chupas, wheeling to the right, and marching
into Guamanga. Having occupied that city the enemy-
would run short of provisions, and soon be in such straits
that he would have to seek for them, whilst themselves,
having by then chosen a position and formed a camp,
would have the artillery so planted that the enemy would
be broken up by it. This seemed a good plan to all
present, and they set to work to carry it into effect; it
being agreed that if the enemy should come against them
on the way they must give them battle without waiting for
anything else. Presently the}' started off accordingly, send-
ing out scouts in all directions.
CHAPTER LXXVII
How the captains Castro and Pedro Anzures went out to reconnoitre,
and how the royal army advanced to give battle, each captain
encouraging his men and exhorting them to fight.
^T OYV approached that fateful Saturday 1 on which the
i battle was fought. All the heights of Chupas, and
their steep slopes, were crowded with the natives of those
regions, some following the Almagro faction, some the
party of Pachacama. In both camps there were many
fiallas'; natives of Cuzco much beloved by the Spaniards,
whose feeling they reciprocated, delighting to dwell in the
2 Inca ladies.
WAR OF CHUPAS
271
service of such doughty men and to act as proxies for
their lawful wives in Spain. When they saw the last day
of the war at hand they foresaw the death that must be-
fall their lovers and wandered, wailing and dishevelled,
according to the custom of the country, from place to
place. The Indians made such a clamour that it was heard
over the valleys and heights of Chupas and their yells were
re-echoed beyond in the gorges of the Andes, so that these
same Indians were frightened at the sound of their own
voices. But they were delighted at seeing the spectacle of
Spaniards fighting against each other without having any
reasonable quarrel, and gave thanks to the Sun for the
glorious revenge about to be taken for the ills that had
been inflicted on their elders.
As the enemies were now drawing near together the
men of Chile pitched their camp, with the intention of
striking the tents during the second night watch and
marching, if possible, into Guamanga, and thence by the
Guaytara road on to Lima.
At this juncture the forces of Vaca de Castro were en-
camped in the valley of Chupas,1 and to reach the summit
of the spur there was more than a league of ascent.2 The
scouts sent out by Yaca de Castro had got so far as to see
the camp of Don Diego, and, after a spirited discussion
with other scouts of their part}-, returned to report that
Don Diego was nearing the summit of the hills. When
Vaca de Castro heard this, he ordered captain Pedro de
Castro, with a hundred Spanish arquebusiers, to set out
at once for the summit, and try to get there before the
enemy could occupy* it. Captain Castro immediately de-
parted on this service, followed by Captain Pedro Anzures
with his troop of lancers as a rear-guard.
'• Ravine of Lambra Luopica, not Chupas.
2 Only a mile and a quarter.
2/2 CIVIL WARS OK PERU
Using all possible speed, Castro reached the heights where
he posted his company, Anzures following him closelv.
Soon they descried the scouts of Don Diego coming out
from the camp to see what was going on and whether
the enemy had pitched his camp or was making for the
height. Seeing the arquebusiers there, it was clear to them
that these were already in possession, and after some words
had passed between them, such as are customary under
such circumstances, they returned to the camp. Mean-
while, Yaca de Castro and his captains set out, in the best
order they could, to join the soldiers who were in his
camp and on the height. Moving as rapidly as possible,
they arrived a little after the hour of vespers. Here there
presently assembled Vaca de Castro and the captains
Pero Alvarez Holguin Pedro Anzures
Alonso de Alvarado Diego de Rojas
Garcilaso de la Vega Francisco de Caravajal
{Sergeant Major)
with other cavaliers and principal persons. They held a
consultation to decide on what they should do, and whether
it would be more prudent to give battle to the enemy on
the following day, or to wait until it was seen what Don
Diego de Almagro would do. There were differences of
opinion among the gathering. Some, for reasons they
gave, said that the}' ought not to give battle until they
understood the enemy's intentions. Others said that they
should leave the present position, and occupy one nearer
the enemy, and that the choice of it would be in their own
hands. Others also advised that the encounter should not
be put off until later than the next morning at daybreak ;
because, at such times, a lost opportunity is not readily
regained, and quickness and suddenness of attack count
for much, whilst to delay is to court disaster. Alonso de
Alvarado was of this opinion, and told Vaca de Castro
WAR OF CHUPAS 273
1 Y vuestro buen seso [sic] in the manuscript.
T
that, without further ado, the battle should be joined on
the coming morn, for the soldiers were read)- and eager
and the first shock of a conflict is steady and forceful, be-
cause the heated blood courses through the body and
gives strength to the men. If that flush of vigour wavers
or cools down, their minds are apt to become more timorous
than bold and they lose their steadiness. To this and
other things, Vaca de Castro answered: "Is vour brain
good ?"1 and he proceeded to reply to what had been
said. Finally it was resolved by all to give battle, and
again they turned to encourage the men, urging that
they fought for the honour of the King, and that they
must display all the valour that was in them, with other
exhortations.
Don Diego and his captains did not sleep during this
time; on the contrary, they were thinking over further
topics before deciding what they should do. They saw
that they could not now, with the enemy so near, get
into Guamanga without difficult)-, and that it would be
better to put that scheme aside and give battle; so, after
commending themselves to God, they resolved to fight.
Don Diego, seeing that the battle was inevitable, mounted
his horse, with his lance in his hand, and, turning to the
soldiers, addressed them thus: "Oh captains, to whom I
owe so much, and soldiers so valorous ! the battle must
be fought, for the enemy is at hand. Bear in mind that
to-day is the day when fortune promises us the govern-
ment of the country, with full vengeance on our enemies
and the best repartimientos for yourselves, so do not fail to
smite those who have shown themselves to be our enemies.
You know that neither has it been my desire nor yours to
do anything contrary to the service of the King, and that
in the end it will rest with your arms to condemn the loser
274
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
as a tyrant, and the conqueror will be held to be loyal."
Saying these words and others, he exhorted his friends to
prepare for the battle they had to fight.
[DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY AROUND THE BATTLE FIELD
OF CHUPAS.
By C. R. M.
The position of the battle of Chupas is interesting. Prescott and
Helps had not a true idea of it. Prescott wrote of " the bloody plains
of Chupas," and " the neighbouring lowlands known as the plains of
Chupas": Helps as "the valley of Chupas." These are quite wrong
terms for the place. Chupas is neither a plain nor a valley, but a farm
on a lofty Andean spur.
The city of Guamanga (now called Ayaciicho) is in 130 S' S. Lat.,
720 2' W. Long., and 8660 feet above the sea. There is a small plain
outside the town to north-west, called the Pampa del slrco, but the
battle field was miles away, on the other side.
Guamanga is at the western base of the great maritime Cordillera,
its slopes descending in long spurs, with intervening ravines, to the
city and its neighbourhood. The scene of the battle was high up,
9,500 feet above the sea, extending over two of these spurs and the
ravine between them.
The road from Guamanga to Yea across the maritime cordillera,
leaves the city along a pretty avenue, and then up the hill of Carmenca
and the steeper ascent of Quica-pata.1 Half way up this ascent a
path turns off to the left, skirting along the spurs of the cordillera,
and after two miles the ravine of La/nbras-iiuayccu- is reached.
Here, on the spur, Vaca de Castro formed his first camp. The stream
below supplies Guamanga with water. In the upper part of the ravine
there is a swamp during part of the year. Its width is about half
a mile, more in some parts, wide enough for cavalry charges. On
its further side the ascent is steep, and on this spur the artillery of
Vhnagro was posted, near what is now the farm house of Chupas. All
this country is now covered with wheat fields. Guamanga would be
easily reached by following the Lambras-huayccu stream. Lying 9,500
feet above the sea, Chupas is exposed to storms of snow in the winter
and early spring. Beyond Chupas, on another spur, is the farm of my
old friend Don Manuel Tello, called Cochabamba. The view towards
the cordillera is very grand. The sides of some of the gorges form per-
pendicular precipices, above which rise the snowy peaks. Beyond
Cochabamba is the wheat farm of another of my old friends called
cojo Arias ;:l and further on is the village of Cliiara, whence the road
leads by Sachapampa and Poniacocha, to Yilcab. This was the route
taken by Almagro's army from Vilcas, after crossing the lofty ridge of
Cangallo. Guamanga is now usually written Huamanga.
1 Qitica is grey in Quichua^rtAz an ascent.
- Lanibras is the local name for a tree like an elder. Huayccu
means a ravine.
3 Lame (cojo) Arias. I did not know his Christian name.
Hakluyt Society: Series II, vol. 42
WAR OF CHUPAS
275
Cojo Arias told me that bones and a spur had been found on his
estate ; also that Alonso de Alvarado brought some Indians of
Chachapoyas with him and that, for services in the battle, they were
granted land with freedom from tribute, and that they founded the
village of Chiara. The wheat farm of Chupas belonged to Don Basilio
(liiillen.
My visit to the battle field of Chupas was on 26 February 1853.]
Of tlie cruel battle between Vaca de Castro and Don Diego de sllmagro,
and how the men of Chile were routed and defeated with the loss
of many lives, and their ■barty for ever undone.
r I 'HE night having passed with great fears and hopes,
I each party thinking that they had justice on their
side, the captains ordered the ensigns to muster their
companies, and to give the signal by beat of drum that the
soldiers, on hearing it, might know that the time for giving
battle was so near that it only needed one side to strike
the first blow. So the men of Chile went forth full of
ardour, and raising their shouts to heaven, advanced with
their hearts animated against their foes, and with minds
longing to satisfy their hatred of their enemies. Their
artillery, consisting of sixteen pieces, was placed in a
good position, so that, from whatever point the enemy
might try to assail it, it would overcome all attacks. The
cavalry was formed into two squadrons, one under Don
Diego himself and Juan Balsa, the other led by the cap-
tains Saucedo and Diego Mendez. One of these squadrons
was larger than the other, and its flanks were held by
Diego de Hoces and the same Diego Mendez. The in-
fantry, stationed in rear of the artillery, was under Martin
de Bilbao; and Martin Cote, a most valiant captain, led the
arquebusiers, having detailed those necessary for the front
of the squadron and either flank. The standard was planted
CHAPTER LXXYIII
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
near the squadron led by Don Diego, and Pedro de Candia
was with the artillery, ready to fire whenever the order
should be given. The Sergeant-Major, Pedro Suarez, went
about from one part to another, giving necessary orders.
I Ie was relied upon for his knowledge of war, having served
in several countries, and being well versed in the art. In
the forefront of the squadron there were men at arms
posted, and the whole force numbered 550 Spaniards, a
very brilliant array, for in truth there were cavaliers of
good family, as we have pointed out in several places.1
While Don Diego and his followers were marshalling
their forces, Vaca de Castro ordered Lope Martin, a bold
man, to mount his horse and go forward to reconnoitre the
enemy's position. He did so, and returned after he had
seen them, telling the Camp-Master PTancisco de Caravajal
how the artillery was placed. As soon as he knew this,
he ordered his men to march more to the right, and led
the way himself, saving many witty things. Then they
saw that it was time to marshal the squadrons, and placed
them in the positions assigned to them, with their banners.
The captains Pero Alvarez Holguin, Gomez de Alvarado,
Garcilaso de la Vega, and Pedro Anzures, with their com-
panies of horsemen, formed one squadron. In the other
1 The real truth was that there was not a single one of the old
and trusted captains of the elder Almagro with his son; Diego de
Alvarado had gone to Spain, Orgonez and Lerma were slain at or after
Las Salinas, Francisco de Chaves had been murdered by Juan de
Herrada, and Sotelo by Garcia de Alvarado. The rest were disgusted
with the murder of the .Marquis and at Juan de Herrada being placed
over them. Four, indeed, were actually fighting in the army of Yaca
Castro, namely Gomez de Alvarado, Saavedra, Guevara, and Monte-
mayor.
The murder of the ever faithful and very able Captain Sotelo was a
fatal blow to young Almagro. There was no one at Chupas that he
could trust. Six of his captains were actual assassins of the Marquis
Pizarro, three others were accomplices outside the chamber. Little
reliance could be placed on the rest. The assassins and their accom-
plices would be fighting with ropes round their necks and would fight
hard. But the ill-fated young half-caste, with his ability and bravery,
was doomed.
WAR OF CHUPAS 277
was the captain Alonso de Alvarado, with his cavalry, and
the royal standard. The infantry were formed up between
the cavalry squadrons, with the captains Pedro de Ver-
gara and Juan Velez de Guevara at their head, and the
captain Castro with the vanguard. They had 160 arque-
busiers, and they mustered in all more than 700 Spaniards.
The Governor Vaca de Castro did not enter into the
battle. He remained apart from the actual fray, giving it
to be understood by his words that he wanted to fight,
but, as the captains represented to him that this was not
desirable, he retired. He sent to the squadron of Alonso de
Alvarado, where the royal standard, then borne by Cristobal
de Barrientos was, saying that he desired twenty-seven of
the principal persons to accompany him as an escort and
bodyguard. When Alonso cle Alvarado heard this, he sent
to say that such a thing was not permissible; that, in
an army of 20,000 men, the withdrawal or retention of
even twenty men might turn the scale of victory. Although
Vaca cle Castro saw that there was reason in this, he again
ordered his captain of the guard, Rodrigo de Ocampo, to
come to him with Lorenzo de Aldana, Diego de Agiiero,
FTancisco de Godoy, Diego Maldonado, the licentiate Leon,
Antonio Navarro, Sebastian de Merlo, Cristobal cle Burgos,
Nicolas cle Ribera, and others up to twenty-seven; and
these, whilst wishing to remain at the front, turned to obey
the order of Vaca cle Castro.
At this juncture, both sides discharged their arquebuses;
and Francisco de Caravajal said: " Forward! good cavaliers,
forward! advance without fear, and care nought for the
arquebuses. Look at me, how fat I am, yet I go forward
without feeling any fear of them." As they approached
each other, the noise and the shouting were very great.
Both parties advanced courageously, those of Don Diego
shouting " Long live the King and Almagro," and the
others " Long live the King and Vaca cle Castro," all
2/S CIVIL WARS OF PERU
calling upon the name of the apostle Saint James, while
the bullets from the arquebuses filled the air.
The Camp-Master Pero Alvarez Holguin, after having
passed through and shown some excitement during the
da>', charged his horse against the enemy, wishing to show
his contempt for his opponents. Though men of great valour
are often not recognized in the smoke of battle, Holguin
was known by the device he wore. The enemy's arquebuses
were pointed against him, and he was hit by two bullets
before he could break his lance. I fe fell to the ground
in the throes of death, and never spoke again—just able
to make a sign to his men to dash at the enemy. Gomez cle
Tordoya was also wounded so badly that he died a few days
afterwards. And now the two sides encountered each other,
both infuriated one against the other. A great disaster
to the men of Chile then happened. It was that, when the
captain Saucedo saw that the sharpshooters were employing
their arquebuses with effect, and had caused some deaths,
he thought it would be well to move the artillery to another
position, where one of the enemy's flanks was exposed—
not noticing that it was already so placed as to rout them
all the moment the)' should advance a little farther. He
therefore ordered Pedro cle Candia to move it, upon seeing
which Sergeant-Major Suarez called out loudly to him not
to budge, for if it did not remain where it was posted they
were lost. But his words were disregarded and Candia
transferred the guns to the position Saucedo had directed.
Then the enemies mingled in the open with the soldiers of
Almagro, and, though many cannon shots were fired off,
only one took effect, which did much damage, tearing heads
from bodies, and breaking the legs and arms of others.
The other .shots were fired, as some say, too high, or missed
their mark owing to the artillery being so badly placed.
By this time great damage had been done and there
were many dead. But were I to set forth in detail each
WAR OF CHUPAS 2/9
one who, when about to discharge a bolt, was shot through
the heart by a bullet and so instantly fell dead,—or whose
arms were shot away just as he was placing the match
to fire,—or others killed suddenly by a bullet just as they
were couching the lance or drawing the sword, the tale
would never end. The squadrons of horse clashed, brother
breaking lance against brother, but in that desperate peril
no man would have hesitated to wound even his father, if he
had seen him. One Garcia de Mala, having lost an arm,
went forth out of the battle to where Vaca de Castro waited,
and asked him why he was not helping his people. On hear-
ing this Diego de Aguero rushed excitedly into the fray, and
confronted the enemy. A bullet passed through the mouth
of Antonio de Loaysa, and knocked out several of his
back teeth, causing him to swoon. The cavalry fought with
desperate valour and with a fervour so inflamed by anger,
that no one cared to be wanting in ability to wound.
Antonio de Robles, having been thrown from his horse,
without losing his intrepidity, and he had not a little,
turned with much agility towards the artillery and wounded
one of the gunners, also getting wounded himself. Pedro
de Candia did not discharge any more shots. The noise
made by all was very great.
The lad Don Diego whilst fighting away, was told that
there had been treason in the artillery firing. It is said
that he went to Pedro cle Candia and exclaimed: "Traitor!
why have you sold me?" and thrusting at him with his
lance, killed him. Others will have it that Candia used
deceit with Don Diego and was disloyal in the matter of
the artillery, but that he was killed by some soldiers of Vaca
cle Castro who penetrated to where he was stationed. Don
Diego, seeing that his life depended on gaining the victory,
went about in all parts of the battle animating his men.
The captain Alonso de Alvarado, on this day, gave
proofs of his valour, and fought with great intrepidity.
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
Diego de Rojas, Pedro Anzures, Garcilaso de la Vega, and
Pedro de Guevara did likewise. The same is said of Juan
Velez de Vergara. The captain Martin de Bilbao fought
with Pedro cle Castro. The battalions of infantry had now
driven home the pikes, and had penetrated their several
quarries with the iron points until they reached the entrails.
All were now turning back. Night showed signs of ap-
proach while yet the strife of battle was at its highest
pitch; and at last, both sides being worn out with fatigue.
they separated for a moment to gather breath for a renewal
of the conflict. In the part where the captain Alonso de
Alvarado was fighting, were Diego de Hoces and Saucedo
with all the leading men of the Chile party. Some of these
they killed, and whilst shouting "Victory!" they tried to
capture others. Pedro de Vergara, with some infantry,
bore a hand in that part, and Alonso de Alvarado being
thus strengthened, ordered a renewed attack to disable
the men of Chile, seeing how few there were. Against the
grain they fell back for a short rest, still face to face, and
then renewed the obstinate contest. Swords clashed clown
on helmets, stunning their wearers, and cut through coats
of mail: then, pausing for a short space, apart, men glared
at each other like bulls in- the rutting season. Then the
Sergeant-Major Francisco cle Caravajal called out, in a
loud voice: "Shame! shame! gentlemen of Cuzco! this is
not a time for letting these traitors remain in the field
against us," and so saying he rushed into the midst of
the enemy. The horse of the licentiate Benito Suarez de
Caravajal was killed, and he boldly took his place among
the infantry, still fighting. There were many killed ; and
the wounded uttered mournful groans, yet encouraging
those who fought, some with the battle cry of Almagro,
others of Pizarro. The artillery was of no use and did no
damage, because Pedro de Candia and his men being
killed, there was no one to put a match to the guns.
WAR OF CHUPAS
28l
As the battle was most fiercely contested in the part
where Captain Alvarado was, Don Diego, either to en-
courage his men, or because he thought that his side
was winning, began to call out loudly, " Victory! Take
prisoners, but kill not!" Then it was that a thing hap-
pened from which it may well be said that death does
not flee from a coward. The captain Pedro Anzures had
a servant of whom he asked, many times, if he would not
join in the battle. The man was not only unwilling, but,
to be more remote from danger, he got under some rocks
where he could have a clear view of what was going on,
having by his side a small skin of wine. When the artillery
was in action a shot struck the rocks where we have said
this man was. It knocked off a boulder which fell and
smashed the head and body of the man to pieces, so that
he died, although he had been taking such care of himself.
The battle was at the critical point, and those who were
standing with Vaca de Castro went forward to reinforce
their friends. They went towards the place where the
captain Diego Mendez was, thinking he was one of their
party because victory was already certain for Vaca de
Castro. As they went along singing a song of triumph, the
men of Chile saw they were enemies, and they killed
Montalvo with some others, cut off an arm of Cristoval
cle Burgos, a citizen of Lima, and wounded Merlo in the
face. Thus they succeeded in doing more damage ; but
the Pachacama part}-, being the more numerous, though
not surpassing their opponents in bravery, it began to be
seen which side must win. Don Diego, and those of his
captains who were still alive, continued to encourage the
survivors wherever the}- went. The sun had now set, and
after the men of Chile had done all that was possible to
the utmost of their ability, they were defeated, and it be-
•came clear that Vaca de Castro's side were the conquerors.
A youth, named Jeronimo de Almagro, valuing his life
282
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
very little, and hating to be conquered, rushed in amongst
the enemy shouting, " Hi! strike your blows at me! at me!
and wreak your vengeance. 'Twas I who slew the Marquis."
Saying thus he charged recklessly into the host, and re-
ceived so man_\- blows that he fell dead headlong. Martin
de Bilbao did the same, saying that lie had murdered the
Marquis; and he met the same death as Jeronimo de
Almagro.1 Those who survived began to flee, with loose
rein and no little anguish.
-The Indians and negroes who took any men alive, killed
them.2 The Spaniards did uglier things, for they slashed
the faces and bodies of those who had surrendered, and
reviled them with words. Diego de Almagro fled towards
Cuzco3 with Diego Mendez, and the camp was pillaged.
The Almagro party was routed and broken up for ever.
This battle was fought late on Saturday afternoon the 16th
of September, in the year of our redemption 1542.
There were present on the side of Vaca de Castro the
captains already named and man)7 other gentlemen, among
whom were: Lorenzo de Aldana, Diego de Agiiero, Fran-
cisco de Godoy, Pedro de los Rios, Gomez de Tordoya,
Diego Maldonado, Lope de Mendieta, D. Pedro Puerto-
carrero, Pedro de Portugal, Pedro de Flinojosa, D. Alonso
1 Both were assassins of the Marquis. They did this to escape the
halter.
2 Some authorities say that the Inca Paula and his Indians, on the
side of Almagro, made an attack early in the day, which was repulsed.
3 Juan Rodriquez Barragan, the ensign Enrique, and eight others
also fled with Don Diego, as well as Diego Mendez.
Juan Balsa, Almagro's Captain-General, fled to Vilcas where he was
hilled by the natives. He had a house at Cuzco and had married an
Inca Princess.
Some authorities say that Pedro Suarez, when he marshalled
Almagro's army, told Don Diego to remain on the spur. His plan
was to defend the ascent from the Lambras-huayccu ravine and not
to attack. It is said that when Don Diego charged down at the head
of his cavalry, Suarez told him that he would be defeated, but that if
he had taken his advice he would have been victorious. It is added
that he abandoned Don Diego, and went over to the side of Vaca de
Castro. This story is not mentioned by Cieza de Leon.
WAR OF CHUPAS
de Montemayor, Lope Martin, Alonso de Mendoza, Diego
Centeno, Felipe Gutierrez, D. Martin de Guzman, Pero
Lopez (secretary), Juan de Mora, Vasco cle Guevara, and
others. With Don Diego there were the captains, and
many valiant gentlemen and men, among whom were:
D. Baltasar de Castilla, Jeronimo de Almagro, Martin
Carillo, Juan Tello, Juan Ortiz de Zarate, Pantoja, Juan de
la Rinega, Pedro de Oftate, and others.
The Licentiate Vaca cle Castro was delighted at the
good success and the victory that God had given him. He
ordered certain priests and friars to attend on the wounded
and to confess the dying. He also directed a very careful
search to be made for those who were concerned in the
murder of the Marquis Pizarro, that they might be punished.
But as the night was already quite dark, the orders of
Vaca cle Castro could not be very completely carried into
effect. Most of his soldiers thought of nothing but plunder,
and of appropriating horses from among those that were
straying about loose, and also of the Indian girls, who were
what the soldiers were most eager about in those times.
[OTHER OFFICERS IN THE ARMY OF VACA DE CASTRO AT THE
RATTLE OF CHUPAS. (A'oie by C. R. J/.,
Aliaga, Gerdnimo cle. Ancestor
of the Counts of Lurigancho
at Lima.
Alvarado, Alonso de. Cavalry—
left wing.
Alvarado, Gomez de. An old
captain of the Adelantado Al-
magro.
Anzures, Pedro de. Trusted
captain of Pizarro cavalry-
right wing.
Barbanin, Juan de.
Barriento, Cristoval, Ensign. Left
wing.
Burgos, Cristobal de. Wounded.
Caravajal, Illan Suarez de. Factor.
Trusted friend of Pizarro.
Caravajal, Benito Suarez de (Li-
centiate), brother of the Fac-
tor.
Caravajal, Francisco de. Sergeant
Major of the army. Led the
Infantry.
Caceres, Alonso de. Tried to
hide Carillo after the battle,
but failed.
Carrasco, Pedro Alonso.
Castro, Pedro de. An old and
trusted captain of Pizarro. Gar-
cilaso calls him Lope. Infantry.
Guzman, Diego Ortiz de.
Hinojosa, Alonso de.
Hojeda, Juan Julio de.
Holguin, Pero Alvarez. Gamp
Master (i.e. Quartermaster-
General) ; killed in battle. Cav-
alry—right wing.
Lara, Gaspar.
Loaysa, Alonso de. Brother of
the Bishop.
284
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
Loaysa, Gerdnimo de.
Leon (Licentiate).
Macerela, Alonso.
Melo. Garcfa de. Wounded
Mendoza, Lope de.
Merlo, Sebastian de. Wounded.
Montalvo. Killed in action.
Navarro, Antonio.
Ocampo, Rodrigo de.
Palomino, Juan Alonso.
Pancorvo, Juan de.
Salas, Juan de.
Salas, Yaldes de.
Serra, Miguel de la.
Soto, Alonso de.
Truxillo, Diego de.
Ydsquez, Tomas. A turbulent
Rojas, Gabriel de.
Saavedra, Juan de. An old cap-
character in every row.
Vega, Garcilaso de la. Captain
tain of the Adelantado Alma-
gro.
for Pizarro, always loyal, always
Quiñones, Pedro de. Cousin.
Ribera, Nicolas de. An old friend
wing.
Verdugo, Melchor.
Vergara, Juan Velez de. Infantry.
trustworthy. Cavalry — right
of both Pizarro and Almagro.
Rfos, Diego de los.
Rojas, Diego de. A trusted young Vergara, Pedro de. Infantry.
captain of Pizarro.
How, after the battle, the Governor ordered the wounded to be tended,
and had Gomez de Tordoya carried to Guamanga; how retribu-
tion was inflicted on the conquered, and how Gomez de Alvarado,
being ill, died at Vilcas, and was taken to be buried at Guamanga.
X the night after the battle it was very sad to hear
V_/ the groans of the wounded, and the complaints they
gave utterance to. But they received very little pity or
help; on the contrary, the barbarians slaughtered them and
stripped them of their clothes and left them naked. The
captain Gomez de Alvarado was attacked by an illness
of which he died at Vilcas. His body was conveyed to
Guamanga for interment. They had also taken Gomez de
Tordoya to Guamanga, sorely wounded, and after he had
received the last offices of the Church he also died. Every
one mourned for the deaths of these gentlemen and of
Pero Alvarez Holguin, and the others who fell in the
battle. The\' were very honourably interred, as men of
such mettle deserved.1 There were killed on the field in
1 Holguin, Tordoya, and Gomez de Alvarado are said to have been
buried in the little church of San Cristobal at Guamanga, near the
CHAPTER LXXIX
WAR OF CHUPAS
235
that battle, counting both sides, 240 men. Some make
the number higher, but I do not care to affirm anything
that I do not know for certain.
On the morning after the battle, Yaca de Castro, taking
with him his secretary and the chief magistrate of the
camp, visited the tents to see whether there were any of
the murderers of the Marquis Pizarro among the prisoners.
As he did not see Martin Carrillo, but heard that the captain
Alonso de Caceres was keeping him concealed, giving out
that he was dead, he ordered that he should be brought
to his presence dead or alive, and this was done. Carrillo
was a native of Ciudad Real, fie and Pedro cle San Millan
of Segovia, and Francisco Coronado 1 of Jerez by- Kadajoz,
and two others, were executed, and their quarters stuck
on poles. Knowing that many fugitives had made for
Guamanga, Vaca de Castro ordered the captain Diego cle
Rojas to take some mounted men and return to that city
and arrest all who might be found there belonging to the
enemy. While this was being arranged there was an alarm
in the camp, owing to a report that a large body of men
was in sight, who might be enemies. The Governor ordered
the troops to stand to their arms until it was known to
whom the men who were in sight belonged. Some horse-
men rode out and found that they were their own people
returning with plunder they had taken from the enemy's
camp.
Then Yaca cle Castro ordered a start to be made for
Guamanga, which was clone, and on arrival he was received
head of the avenue leading" to the Chupas road. But Cojo Arias told
me of the tradition that Gomez de Tordoya was not buried with the
others, but in the church of La Merced, nearer the centre of the
town. In 1887 a statue of a warrior was found in a niche in La
Merced, recumbent on a mortuary bed, embracing his sword. It is of
sandstone and 6i feet long. It no doubt represents Gomez de Tordoya,
probably due to the piety of his cousin Garcilaso de la Vega. The
Indians oi Guamanga (AyacuchoJ are renowned as sculptors.
1 All three were actual assassins of the Marquis Pizarro.
286
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
with much joy. He entrusted the business of retributive
justice to the licentiate De la Gama, the licentiate Leon.
and the bachelor Guevara. Diego de Rojas had already
executed judgment on some,1 but we will put down here
together in one list all who were executed at Guamanga as
well as those who met their fate between that city and
Cuzco. They were—
Captain Cardenas, of Toledo
Pedro de Oñate
Captain Diego de Hoces,2 of
Zaragoza
Capt. Juan Tello, of Sevilla
Bartolome de Arbolancha 2
lYancisco Perez 2
Antonio Xoguero, of Puerto
de Sta Maria
Pasilio (an Italian)
Martel, of Sevilla2
Francisco de Mendibar, of
Torrejon de Yelasco
Captain Martin Cote (a Gui-
puzcoan)
Captain Juan Mufioz
Barragan (the younger),2 of
los Santos
Juanes de Santiago, of
Santander
Juanes (a BiscayaiP
Captain Juan Perez, captain
of cross-bowmen
Juan Gomez de Salvatierra,
of the Almendral
Baltasar Gomez,2 of Yalla-
dolid
Juan dc Guzman 2 de Acuña,
son of Yasco de Guzman
Juan Sanchez,2 of Estre-
madura
Bartolome Cabezas,2 of Jerez
Ramirez, of Leon
Losa,2 of Zamora
Carreño, of Sevilla
Juan Diente,2 of Gibraltar1
Martin Carrillo 2
Yaca de Castro was guilty of great remissness in not
sending the news forthwith to the King our Lord and
those of his Royal Council. Nay rather, several vessels
were detained many days in the port of Lima, and many
merchants and traders were put to serious loss through his
1 Viz., Juan Tello de Guzman, and Almagro's Camp-master Pedro
dc Oñate.
- Assassins of the Marquis.
:1 Also Pedro de San Millan and Francisco Coronado.
WAR OF CHUPAS
287
action in not allowing them to leave the ports where they
were anchored. The captain Francisco de Herencia and
some others were banished, and a shipmaster was ordered
to convey them to New Spain. When they were far from
the coast of Peru they mutinied and went to Panama. At
that time I had come thither to negotiate certain business
with the Audience which then sat at that city. The mutin-
eers presented themselves before the members of the
Audience, who set them free.
To return to Vaca de Castro. He remained for eight
clays in Guamanga, reforming various things for the good
of the Realm, and despatching letters to the various cities
in it to announce the victory that God, our Lord, had given
him. Hearing that Don Diego had fled towards Cuzco, he
ordered the captain Garcilaso de la Vega to set out at once
for that city, with some cavalry, and occupy it in the name
of his Majesty the King, our Lord. Should Don Diego be
found in the city, he was to be arrested, as well as any of
his followers who were there. So Garcilaso de la Vega
departed, with some lancers, to carry out what the Governor
Vaca de Castro had ordered him.
Of things that were done by the Governor Vaca de Castro, and how
he despatched some captains to undertake conquests in the Realm.
r I AHE Governor Vaca de Castro was in the city of
1 Guamanga, quite complacent at seeing the ditch under
the gallows full of dead bodies, and the fine blood of
Spaniards being shed in that square. This was no little
pleasure for the natives to see also, though they were
amazed on reflecting that many of the victims had been
captains and men holding posts of honour. The}' carried
the news of all this to the King Inca Manco Yupangue at
CHAPTER LXXX
28S
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
Yiticos, where he was staying; and although he was glad
that so many Spaniards had been killed, he regretted that
Vaca de Castro was the conqueror and Don Diego was
defeated, whilst pleased that it was left for himself to
protect the young Almagro from the cruelty of Vaca de
Castro. Having sent Garcilaso de la Vega to the city of
Cuzco, as we have related, it occurred to Vaca de Castro
that there were a great many people collected in Guamanga,
that the provisions were being consumed, and that the
citizens and other inhabitants were being unduly put to
straits. So he decided to order some of those of his army
to leave it. Presently he instructed Pedro de Vergara to
go, with such followers as he required, to the province of
Bracamoros, of his own conquering, where he had already
done good service for his Majesty. He granted warrants
and cncomicndas there to Vergara and many others, de-
siring them to set out as soon as they could get ready.
Vergara desired nothing better and, as soon as the wounds
he had received in the battle were healed, he made his
preparations to depart. Orders were also sent to Juan
Perez de Guevara, who was then at Lima, to proceed to
the province of Moyobamba and settle it.
The Governor also wrote to all the cities of the Realm
directing that if any of the men of the Chile party should
seek refuge in them, they were to be arrested and put to
death. He ordered the bodies of all who fell in battle on
his side to be interred in the churches at Guamanga, and
arranged that a hermitage should be set up on the battle
field, for the invocation of our Lady of Victory, where the
rest of the dead had been buried. The captain Pedro An-
zures, and the others who were wounded, recovered. The
municipality of Guamanga made a request to Vaca de
Castro that he would confirm certain things in his Majesty's
name, and that the city be thenceforward called " of the
Victory," instead of, as heretofore " of the Frontier," a
WAR OF CIIUPAS
289
request which the Governor was pleased to grant, and so it
is called at the present day. Notwithstanding that several
vessels were detained in the port of Lima by order of Vaca
cle Castro, and that leave was asked for permission to depart
for Tierra Firme, he would not grant it, which was felt to
be no small grievance. After he had made various arrange-
ments, and given permission to those who wished it to
return to their houses, Vaca cle Castro set out for Cuzco,
leaving the licentiate De la Gama in the city to complete
his judicial work. He had not gone more than two leagues
when he turned back again, so as to reach Guamanga at
break of day, without letting those who were with him be
aware of it. When he appeared again in the great square
the people were astonished. This return was because man}'
of those who escaped from the battle had hidden in some
houses, and he wished to secure their arrest. This was
soon effected, and they were delivered over to the licentiate
De la Gama, who passed judgment on them. This being
concluded Vaca cle Castro continued his journey with those
who were to accompany him to Cuzco. But as we must
treat of the return of Gonzalo Pizarro to Peru, we will
now tell how he got out of the Canela.
Of the things that happened to Gonzalo Pizarro until he came safely
out of the Canela expedition and arrived at the city of Cuzco.
nr^HE reader will remember that in previous chapters
X we mentioned the great labours and dire want of Gon-
zalo Pizarro and those who survived in the valley of the
Canela, and the great desire they felt that God, our Lord,
would show them some way by which they might return
CHAPTER LXXXI
u
290 CIVIL WARS OP PF.KU
to a Christian land. Having heard the account of the two
Spaniards who had gone up the river in a canoe, and how
they had seen that great mountain range or cordillera,
Gonzalo Pizarro resolved to ascend the river with the rem-
nant of his men as speedily as possible. So all the people
got ready, some Spaniards going ahead to clear the way
with axes and bush knives. Passing not a few swamps,
the)' arrived after ten days' travel at the mark left by the
men who had gone up the river before. Here Gonzalo
Pizarro ordered Juan de Acosta to go with a small part}-,
as quickly as possible, to where the Indians said there was
a village. Juan de Acosta thereupon set out with eighteen
Spaniards, armed with their swords and bucklers, and
after walking for a good long time, they came to the village
they were in quest of, on a high hill and very strong. Put
the Indians had no mind to admit them if the}' could
help it, and with their usual dash they came out armed to
oppose them. Juan de Acosta and his companions, though
exhausted by hunger, entered like true Spaniards upon
the encounter. After Juan de Acosta and two others had
been wounded, the Indians fled, as usual. The Spaniards
then ascended the hill and rushed the village, where they
found plenty of food, to the no small delight of those sorry
starvelings. They saw that the country they were in was
a vast uninhabited wilderness, which must be traversed to
reach Quito. Gonzalo Pizarro followed Juan de Acosta
with the rest of the party, and in passing those swamps
eight Spaniards died. When the worn-out survivors knew
that they must cross that great wilderness, the}' were much
afflicted, having all passed through so many hardships and
sufferings. The}7 cursed their luck which had been so
adverse to them. Put in the end, making the best of their
misfortunes, those who remained alive prepared to face
that infernal journey, taking the sick along on the few
horses left to them as best the}- could.
WAR OF CHUPAS 201
So they toiled over the uninhabited waste, eating of all
sorts, without leaving a dog, nor saddle leather, nor any-
thing else that they could tear with their teeth. After
having passed through infinite labour and fatigue they
arrived at the village of Coca (where they had originally
entered the Canela country) on foot, shoeless, and so
transfigured that they could scared}' recognize each other.
The natives received them as friends, and gave them what
supplies they had ; and, to get themselves into some sort of
order, it was settled that they should stay there for ten
days. In talking to the Indians it was found that there
was a shorter way to Quito by another track, not the one
they had followed, so the}' determined to take it. But
on this track the}' met with several broad and very deep
rivers, so that the)' were obliged to make bridges over
some of them. Journeying in this way they came to a
river which was so rapid that it took them four days to
make a bridge; and whilst keeping watch at night, lest the
Indians should come and attack them by surprise, the}' saw
a great comet traversing the heavens. In the morning
Gonzalo Pizarro said that, in his dreams, a dragon came
and plucked out his heart, and tore it to pieces with his
cruel teeth. He then sent for one Jeronimo de Yillegas,
who was held to be something of an astrologer, to ask him
what he thought of it. He is said to have answered that
Pizarro would find that the object he most prized was dead.
After other things had occurred, which may be counted
as trifles rather than as history, Gonzalo Pizarro and the
remnant of his followers finally reached the confines of
Quito. Those who survived from that expedition say that
240 Spaniards started on it, and that most of them died of
hunger, though the}' took with them from Quito 6,000 pigs,
300 horses and pack animals, 900 dogs, and man}' sheep,
all of which were eaten or lost.
We cannot lightly describe the deep sorrow Gonzalo
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
Pizarro showed when he heard of the disastrous death of
his brother. Although Sarmiento, his Lieutenant, sent
horses for him and some of his companions, they would
not mount them, but preferred to enter Quito on foot, in
such sort that it was grievous to see them. When Gonzalo
Pizarro heard that Vaca cle Castro had been accepted as
Governor by the whole Realm, he felt it keenly. Me said
that he ought to govern, and that the King had been
very ungrateful in not ordering that he was to succeed, on
the death of the Marquis. He began to prepare to go in
search of Vaca cle Castro, wherever he might be; for it
was not then known that the war was ended, nor that the
victory had fallen to him in the battle.
How Garcilaso de la Vega arrived in Cuzco; of the imprisonment of
Don Diego, and how Vaca de Castro travelled to that city.
ii de Almagro and Diego Mendez rode away together,
with the intention of seeking refuge with the Inca Manco.
They could have done this easily, if Diego Mendez had
not caused delay by going to see a woman he kept as his
mistress at Cuzco. To induce Don Diego to go to that
city, he said that without fresh shoeing the horses could
not take them anywhere, and that they must go to Cuzco
to provide themselves with what the}- required, and that,
after that, they could go to where the Inca was staying.
Don Diego had to consent, although it was against his will,
and they arrived in the city. Diego Mendez went off to
the arms' of his mistress, just as if he had come home vic-
torious, but at that time the news of what had happened
CHAPTER LXXXII
battle of Chupas, Don Diego
WAR OF CHUPAS 293
had not reached Cuzco. Don Diego made haste to start;
but, when at last they did, the result of the war was public
knowledge. When Don Diego and Diego Mendez had got
clear of Cuzco, they took the road to the valley of Yuca}-,
intending to make their way thence into the mountains,
in search of the Inca. Barragan, who had been left as
Lieutenant at Cuzco,had by this time been made a prisoner;
and when they heard that Don Diego was gone, Rodrigo
Juan Gutierrez Malaver, and some others went in chase.
After some exigencies he was captured, with Diego Mendez,
in the valley of Yucay, brought back to Cuzco, and lodged
in custody.
Garcilaso de la Yega, and those who left Chupas with
him, proceeded to Cuzco and at once took possession of
the city in the name of the King, to keep order there until
the Governor should arrive. Yaca de Castro left Gua-
manga as we have related, and travelled until he arrived
at the ruined edifices of Vilcas. He remained there a few
daws to provide for the despatch of Pedro de Puelles as his
Lieutenant to install settlers in the city of Leon. He
selected those who were to go, gave them warrants for
cncoiuicudas, and ordered Pedro cle Puelles to proceed on
this duty. News arrived that Juan de Vargas, a veteran
conquistador in those parts, had, after much trouble, cleverly
captured Ilia Tupac, one of the Inca's captains who had
risen in rebellion and done much mischief. This was, in-
deed, a notable service that Juan cle Vargas, who was a
native of La Higuera, near Fregenal cle la Sierra, per-
formed ; and the Governor approved of it. Having received
his warrants, Pedro de Puelles set out from Vilcas with the
Spaniards who had been told off to accompany him, and
travelled until he reached the province of Huanuco. where,
in the name of his Majesty, he founded the city of Leon.
While the Governor Vaca de Castro was still at Vilcas,
news came to him that one of young Almagro's captains
294 CIVIL WARS OF PFRU
was near by. In a former chapter we made mention of
all who were put to death, and among them was inclucled
this one, named Juan Perez. The Governor ordered that
he should be sought for by the Indians, and that when
he was captured he should be quartered. After giving
this order, Vaca cle Castro left Vilcas, and proceeded to
the province of Andahuaylas. There he received word
that there was scope for founding a city near the Braca-
moros and Pedro cle Ycrgara's territory, and, as it was
desirable to arrange about the disposal of the people, he
appointed Juan Porcel to be captain there. So Porcel
started off with the Spaniards of his following for the place
we have said. Yaca de Castro continued his journey until
he arrived at the buildings of Limatambo, whence he sent
off despatches to his Majesty informing him of the victory
God had granted him, of how the Realm had been brought
back to the royal allegiance, that Don Diego was a prisoner,
that sentence had been duly executed on his captains, and
other matters relating to the administration. Before he left
Limatambo, there came certain captains from the province
of Chile, where the captain Pedro cle Valdivia was in
charge, requesting the aid of more Spaniards for the sub-
jugation of those parts. After Yaca cle Castro had taken
note of what those captains had to report, he set out for
the great city of Cuzco, where a solemn reception was
accorded him, and he was welcomed by all the people
with great joy.
WAR OF CHUPAS
295
CHAPTER LXXXIII
Of the things that -were done in the city of Cuzco by the Governor J 'aca
de Castro, and of his great avarice and vainglory.
AS soon as Yaca de Castro arrived at the city of Cuzco,
he received man)- visits from the residents there.
He was naturally inclined to be arrogant and haughty,
and when he found that his party had routed Don Diego's
and won the battle he became inflated with vanity to a
degree quite unbefitting the profession to which he be-
longed. He ordered man}- gentlemen to attend him as his
yeomen of the guard, and with them he spent money
splendidly, having grand sideboards loaded with plate and
huge candlesticks which might well have been dispensed
with. He thought of nothing but amassing wealth, to
satisfy his greed. This was a very ugh' thing, for whilst
his Majesty sent him to administer justice and conduct
himself with rectitude, he set about gathering treasure for
himself by unlawful means—and it is said that he had great
natural skill in the art of acquisition. Indeed, some of his
rivals allege that he received presents and bribes for the
sale of repartimieutos, which ought not, however, to be
believed ; nor have I been able to find any evidence of it.
It is true that he wanted to make the valuable profits
from coca his own perquisite, and not leave them open to
all as the}' were before; and he ordered that no one, on
pain of severe punishment, was to dare to contract for it
from an}- of the best repartimientos, which he had reserved
for himself. From this source and from other Indians he
did strive to make money; and in this way, though he got
little .enjoyment out of it, he amassed great wealth, and he
always endeavoured to settle his servants and friends in
296 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
the best positions. Yet, although Vaca de Castro had the
vices of meaningless presumption, vainglory, and avarice,
apart from them he was a good governor, and did useful
things for the kingdom, all of which I will mention, for I
am thereby a friend of truth, and let not anything other-
wise ever be thought of me.
Well, returning to our Governor Vaca de Castro, he was
busy with affairs appertaining to the government of the
Realm, and, with the desire to partition the provinces, he
accepted some presents from the native Chiefs, lie visited
Don Diego de Almagro, Diego Mendez, Juan de Olivas in
prison, and the others who were detained. He said to
them: "What utter folly can have induced you to make
such a mistake as to rise in rebellion and publicly appear
in arms against his Majesty's service, and to have done
other ugly things which are well known?" The lad Don
Diego answered that neither he nor those who had been his
defenders had opposed his Majesty's interests or had any
such thought. On the contrary, he always believed that he
was working in the King's behalf, and to assume charge of
the province, seeing that he had sufficient warrant to do
so, from his nomination as successor to his father the Ade-
lantado, made by virtue of a royal commission. Vaca de
Castro retorted by casting contempt on what had been done.
After some further talk, he took leave of the prisoners,
saying that, notwithstanding they were all condemned to
death by the general sentence, he desired that they should
beg him for justice, and that they would be freed or con-
demned as the law might dictate. Having said this, he
returned to his house. Don Diego was so afflicted that his
feelings could not be more wrought upon, and all felt great
sorrow for him. But Gaspar Rodriguez and others told
Vaca dc Castro that he had better behead the lad.
WAR OF CHUPAS
29/
CHAPTER LXXX1V
How Don Diego, when he was in prison, tried to escape, and how he
was beheaded by order of the Governor Vaca de Castro.
DOx\T DIEGO DE ALMAGRO was imprisoned in
the house of Hernando Pizarro, in a rather strong-
room which existed there, and Vaca de Castro's captains
took care that he should not escape. After he had been
there for some days, he began to seek for some means of
escape, intending to take refuge at Viticos with the Inca
Manco, and believing that, by adopting this course, his
life might be saved. Certainly not a few felt regret that
the lad should be put to death. The captains Gaspar Rod-
riguez de Camporredondo and Pedro Anzures de Castro,
who were the favourite advisers of Vaca de Castro, would
not hear of the execution not taking place. When Don
Diego learnt this, he treated, as secretly as possible, with
a page of his, for the purchase of two horses, the swiftest
he could find. He was to have them ready in the river
which flows through Cuzco close to his place of confine-
ment, at a certain hour of the night. Some persons who
knew about the purchase of the horses told Yaca de Castro,
who, when he knew it, ordered Don Diego to be removed
to the house of captain Gabriel de Rojas, and there he was
watched with more care than before. The Governor Vaca
de Castro took the opinions of so'me of his captains and
friends as to what should be done with Don Diego. To
all it seemed that the best course would be to put him to
death, both on account of the crime he had committed and
in order to safeguard the Realm and prevent the occur-
298 CIVIL WARS OF PFRU
rence of fresh trouble. An indictment against him was
drawn up, he was condemned to death, and the sentence was
ordered to be notified in his presence. Don Diego replied
by appealing to his Majesty, or, in the first instance, to
the President and Judges of the Audicncia then accredited
in Tierra Firme. He was told that this appeal could not
take place; and, having made his protests, he retorted
that since they would not allow his appeal, but insisted on
putting him to death, he cited Yaca de Castro to appear
before the Judge of Heaven, our God, where all would be
judged without prejudice or passion.
After these events and some further parley he confessed,.
always displaying the mind of a man, and not of a youth
such as he was, combined with a lofty and serious presence
quite out of keeping with the humility of his parents. His
eyes were steadily raised to a crucifix and, on being taken
from the prison, the crier walked in front, shouting: "This
is the judgment his Majesty the Emperor our Lord, and
the Governor Yaca de Castro in his name, inflicts on this
man as a usurper of the royal rights, and for having
tyrannically rebelled and given battle to the royal stan-
dard," and other things about what had been done by him
and his followers. On approaching the pillory, adjoining
which was the block and an executioner read}- to strike,
Don Diego asked a favour. It was that he might die at the
place where his father was executed, and be buried in the
grave where his father's body rested, and that he might
be placed beneath, and the bones of his father above
him. When he reached the place of execution, the}- wanted
to put a veil over his eyes, but he said there was no need
for that, and they only had to order the executioner to
perform his office. He asked them to let him have the
little time that remained to him to enjoy with his eyes the
sight of the image of our God, which stood there. Finally
the\- persisted and bound his eyes against his will. He
WAR OF CHUPAS 299
was extended on the block and with great courage he
suffered death at the very spot where in a bygone year
his father had suffered.1 The son's body was buried in the
church of La Merced, in the same grave as his father,
and in the manner he had requested. Don Diego was of
medium height, twenty-four years of age,' or a little more,
very just-minded and intelligent, brave and a good horse-
man, liberal and a friend to good works. His mother was
an Indian woman, a native of Tierra Firme. There was
great hope for his career if he had lived. He was not alto-
gether free from vices: on the contrary, he had those which
men of the Indies usually display. Captain Pedro An-
zures went about enquiring of those who were present
whether they had heard Don Diego say that he deserved
his death, because the Marquis had been assassinated by
his order. He did not ask this in ignorance, for he and
every one else knew perfect!)" well that Don Diego had
never used any such words; but he, and Yaca de Castro,
and others thought that this would be useful for their
own justification. Thus closed the career of Don Diego de
Almagro the younger, and with him came to an end all
that remained of his father's part)", both men meeting the
same manner of death in the city of Cuzco.:t
1 Cieza de Leon had already told us that the elder Almagro was
strangled in his prison. But his body was publicly beheaded.
- Not so old, if he was born at Panama. That city was only founded
in 1520, and Almagro came there some years later. He was not more
than nineteen.
: The story of Diego de Almagro is very interesting, and exceedingly
pathetic. It is interesting because this lad was the first mestizo or half
caste distinguished for ability, nobility of conduct, and bearing. There
have been many since.
Young Diego was born at Panama. He was the son of an Indian
servant girl who went by the name of Ana Martinez. Panama was
founded late in 1519. The elder Almagro did not settle there until
after Espinosa's expedition, two or three years later than the founding
of the city. Being the lad's father, his birth probably took place in 152*2
01-1523.
The lad is said to have been well " endoctrinated," so he no doubt
300
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
learnt to read and write, and to repeat the usual invocations and
prayers of the period. When Martin de Alcantara came to Panama
on his way to join his half brother Francisco Pizarro in Peru, he met
the young lad Diego, and very kindly took charge of him, to join his
father. This was in 1535 when the lad was twelve or thirteen. At
Lima Alcantara took young Diego to his house and treated him as
one of his own children, until a way of sending him to his father (then
engaged on his Chilean expedition) could be found. At last a servant
named Juan dc Herrada was engaged, who had come to Peru with
Pedro de Alvarado He also took the royal patent appointing the
Adelantado Almagro to be Governor of a province to the south, to be
called New Toledo. Pizarro's province, to be called New Castille, was
the northern half of the Inca Empire, and the boundary was to be fixed
by an arbitrator appointed by the King. Almagro did not wait for an
.arbitrator, but immediately marched north to settle the boundary him-
self, declaring Cuzco, and even Lima, to belong to him. This was the
beginning of civil dissension in the Realm.
Young Diego must have had a very good time, with all the march-
ing and adventure and none of the responsibility. Doted upon by his
father, liked and made much of by the Adelantado's old captains, some
of them men of good family and position, he acquired habits of breed-
ing and self-respect. When his father was on the coast, young Diego
was proposed as a hostage by the Judge-Arbitrator Bobadilla. Again
when Almagro released Hernando Pizarro, his son was sent with the
escort to the Governor's camp and received presents. These are the
first occasions when he appears in history.
Diego was too young to take part in the battle of Las Salinas, and
he does not appear to have been with his father. Put he was at Cuzco,
.and Hernando Pizarro decided that he should be sent to his brother
the Governor and Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro. He went with
Alonso de Alvarado, Gomez de Alvarado, and his father's servant
Juan de Herrada. They found Francisco Pizarro at Jauja. In inter-
views with the Marquis the lad entreated him not to put his father to
death, and Pizarro assured him that he had no such intention. Young
Diego was treated with hospitality, and even distinction, and when he
went to Lima with Juan de Herrada, the Marquis sent orders that the
lad was to be lodged in his own house, and treated as his son. Then
the news came of the execution of the Adelantado Almagro. The son
was persuaded by Juan de Herrada that it was done by order of the
Marquis, which was quite untrue. The next news was that the royal
patent authorized the Adelantado to nominate a successor to the
government of New Toledo ; and that he had named his son in his
will. Herrada, who was the lad's evil genius, filled his mind with ideas
of vengeance and ambition. When Pizarro returned to Lima he found
young Almagro full of these ideas, and constantly intriguing with
Herrada and others. He could no longer have the boy as an inmate
of his house.
llerrada had acquired complete influence over young Diego's mind.
This man had come to Peru with Pedro de Alvarado; and transferred
his services to the elder Almagro, to attend on his son. He was a
man of great energy, quick decision, and some power in acquiring
influence over others. But here his good qualities ended. He had
little ability, no judgment, and no mercy. His one virtue was devo-
tion to Almagro and his son, but he only knew how to show it by an
act of brutal vengeance.
WAR OF CHUPAS
SOI
The murder of the Marquis was entirely planned by this ruffian.
All the old captains of the elder Almagro but one * were against it.
The question arises how far young Oiego was an accomplice. He was
told by Herrada that Pizarro was going to kill him and all his friends,
and it was proposed to him that the Marquis should be seized until
Vaca de Castro arrived, who would judge between them. But I think
that the boy was not cognizant of the intended murder until after its
perpetration.
In a letter which young Diego wrote to the Judges of the Royal
Audience of Panama, putting forth his claim to succeed as Governor,
he states that his object was to seize the Marquis, not to murder him :
and that he regretted his death. The letter is dated 14 July 1541. j I
think that this may be believed.
Juan de Herrada showed great energy after the murder; disarming
and arresting, and forcing the municipal officers to acknowledge young
Diego as Governor. But when nearly all the Spaniards outside Lima
rose against him, he showed nothing- but incapacity and arrogance.
He tortured and killed Pizarro's secretary, and murdered Francisco
de Chaves owing to a private feud, the only old captain of the elder
Almagro who was an accomplice, though not an actual murderer.
Both were acts of unwisdom and stupid violence. The accomplice of
whom he had the highest opinion was a young ruffian named Garcia
de Alvarado, violent, incapable, and brutally selfish—an unscrupulous
robber. Yet the ill-fated boy remained completely under the malign
influence of Juan de Herrada, and consented to make him General of
the forces he was collecting. He was thus placed over all the veteran
captains of the elder Almagro, men of position, of tried valour, with
great military experience. They were not prepared to serve under the
upstart Herrada, and they were all disgusted at the murder of the
Marquis, an atrocious crime which could not be forgiven, as well as a
piece of folly, which no one with any judgment would have com-
mitted. Sooner or later all his father's old captains except one left the
service of the unhappy boy, and joined the royal Governor— Gomez
de Alvarado, Saavedra, Montemayor, Guevara, all fell away from the
murderers. One only stood firm for the boy, for the sake of his father.
This was Cristoval de Sotelo, an old soldier of the school of Orgoñez,
but able, experienced in war, and possessing no common skill in all
matters relating to his profession. He was true as steel to the cause
he had once espoused.
Herrada found it necessary to leave Lima and make for Cuzco,
there to await events. He was taken ill on the way and died at Jauja
showing his incapacity with his dying breath, by advising that Sotelo
and Garcia de Alvarado should command jointly. Sotelo of course
declined such a position, and Garcia de Alvarado went with a fol-
lowing to Arequipa, nominally to collect men and arms, but really for
plunder.
Young Diego, now free from the evil tutelage of Juan de Herrada,
began to act for himself, and showed that he possessed ability and force
of character. He was not altogether without help, though sunounded
by murderers and self-seekers. In Sotelo he found a true friend and
* Chaves, and he was not among the assassins.
f Muñoz Coll. It is printed in Spanish by Prescott, in an appendix
at the end of vol. ii of his work.
502
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
a wise counsellor, and during the inarch to Cuzco, under such guid-
ance, he brought his levies of 550 men into a state of tolerable military
efficiency.
At Cuzco young Diego worked hard with Sotelo, in preparing arms,
superintending the casting of cannon by Pedro de Candfa, and con-
sulting about the best course to pursue. Then the young ruffian Garcia
de Alvarado arrived from Ids freebooting expedition to Arequipa, with
a large amount of treasure. He used it to form a party of his own in
the canm. He was jealous of Sotelo, who at the time was ill in bed
with a fever, and he went to his house to pick a quarrel, ending by
murdering him. Young Diego did not dare to arrest the assassin
owing to the party his stolen treasure had got around him. Ho bided
Ins time. He even consented to make him second in command with
special powers. The ambition of the young ruffian (he was twenty-nine)
was to have chief command. He intended to murder young Almagro.
Rut the half-caste was more than a match for him at that game. There
was to be a grand supper, and Garcia de Alvarado was to go to Diego's
house and invite him, having arranged for his murder after the supper.
Diego made a different arrangement, which was to kill Garcia de
Alvarado when he came to say that the supper was ready. This was
done.
But the lad was still surrounded with difficulties and dangers. There
was a well paid Alvarado party which was discontented. The loss of
Sotelo was fatal. The gallant boy had not a single friend whom lie
could trust—his associates were a gang of murderers and self-seekers.
He thought lie had a friend, in a man named Lope de ldiaquez, and
consulted him. Put he proved a traitor. There was also an old soldier
who had served in the Italian wars and could marshal an army to the
best advantage, but he too was false and a traitor.
Thus, without a single friend upon whom he could rely, this boy of
nineteen prepared to encounter the Governor's army led by all the
experienced cavaliers and soldiers in Peru. To have undertaken this
showed great courage, and that he should have done it so well denotes
rare ability. It is true that he must have known that all the leaders
would fight to the last, for they fought with halters round their necks.
Put the equipment of the force, the provision of arms and accoutre-
ments, the organization, the route, the marching order, were all due
to the energy and ability of this half-caste boy.
Young Almagro would have been pardoned before the battle, if he
had consented to abandon the cause of the murderers who were in
his army. He was too honourable to entertain such a proposal. He
fought with great valour and determination at Chupas, to the bitter
end.
This fortune followed him in his flight from the lost battle. He had
with him Diego Mendez, who was a fool as well as an unmitigated
scoundrel. Young Almagro should have made his way direct from
the Apurimac to the mountain fastness of the Inca. Put Diego
Mendez persuaded him to come to Cuzco for horse shoes, merely
because the rascal wanted to visit his own mistress, the news of the
battle of Chupas not having yet reached the city. The delay was fatal
to young Diego. The bad news arrived when he had only got as far
as the valley of Yucay. A party was sent in pursuit and lie was cap-
tured.
Young Diego made a final effort to escape Ins fate. A faithful
young page bought two horses, and he intended to take refuge with
WAR OF CHUPAS
303
CHAPTER LXXXY
Of other things that were done by the Governor Vaca de Castro, and
how he appointed Diego de Rojas and Feiipe Gutierrez to be his
captains in the subjugation of the region of the Rio de la Plata.
A FTER Don Diego cle Almagro had been executed, as
fx. related in the last chapter, some of those who had
sided with him in the battle were judged and, in deference
to their excuses, received moderate sentences.1 The Gover-
nor then sent off despatches to his Majesty and his exalted
Council relating all that had happened. He ordered the
royal officers to watch closely that nothing of the property
confiscated for the royal treasury should be lost, and in all
things great care was taken. The captain Monro}' had
come from Chile, where Pedro de Valdivia was governing,
to ask for assistance, as the force there was insufficient
the Inca. But the scheme was betrayed, and he was more strictly
guarded. This misfortune is much to be regretted. Inca ?danco
would have received the able young soldier with hospitality and
kindness. He would have thrown in his lot with the lncas and, as
their very efficient General, would probably have repulsed the force
sent against Tupac Amaru, and thus prevented the disgraceful scene,
for which the Viceroy Toledo was responsible, in the plaza of Cuzco.
Young Don Diego de Almagro met his death with the calmness and
dignity of a Christian knight, and \he courage of an Indian Chief. He
should have been spared. The political reason for the execution of his
father—that he was a source of danger owing to the still unbroken
strength of his party—did not exist in the case of the son. The
Almagro party had been annihilated. The lad should have been sent
to Panama or to Spain.
It is a very sad story, and most interesting as a proof of the ability
and courage of the first distinguished half-caste.
1 Diego Mendez and seven others took refuge with the Inca, who
showed them great kindness. In return they murdered their host and
tried to escape, but were promptly seized and put to death by the
Inca's servants. The murder took place in 1545. The design of these
villains was to obtain a pardon for having borne arms with Don Diego,
by disposing of the Inca.
304 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
cither to overcome the natives or to complete the explora-
tion of the interior in that region. As Yaca de Castro saw
that it would be advantageous for the royal service he
gave all the help he could. A little less than a hundred
Spaniards were raised, with arms and horses, for Monroy
to take back, and a ship laden with necessaries was sent
coastwise. As the Governor Yaca de Castro could not
satisfy all those who had joined him by giving them allot-
ments of Indians, he took great care to furnish those who
undertook discoveries and conquests, with horses and other
equipment, so that they might set out from the Realm
well provided. YVe ma)- well praise this policy as a prudent
one.
There were highly promising reports of the provinces
extending to the west [sz'c/], where the very large and
powerful river of La Plata flows, so broad that when it
enters the Ocean it appears more like some arm of the
sea than a river. In former times, when its mouth was
discovered, certain Spaniards who ascended this river re-
counted great things; but the fame of such stories always
exceeds the reality. It was said that there was so vast a
quantity of gold and silver that the Indians held it for
nought, and that there were emeralds there as well.
I knew Francisco de Cesar, who was a captain in the
province of Cartagena, which is situated on the coast of
the Ocean, and one Francisco Hogacon, who was also one
of the first conquerors of that province, and I have often
heard them talk, and affirm with an oath that they saw
much treasure and great flocks of the cattle we call here
Peruvian sheep, and that the Indians were well dressed
and of good mien. They said many other things that I
need not write of.1 Afterwards Don Pedro de Mendoza
went out as Governor to that country, and events took
1 Cesar was at the Rio de la Plata before he went to Cartagena.
WAR OF CHUPAS 305
x
place which I will relate in the account of the last war
and the coming of the President Pedro de la Gasca.
As the fame of that rich country spread far and wide
many desired to be in it. When the captain Pedro Anzures
went to explore the Chunchos, he got reports of that
river. It was supposed that it had its source in the
lake of Bombon; and that the principal affluents of this
river of La Plata were the Apurimac and the Jauja. Felipe
Gutierrez and the captain Diego de Rojas, desirous of
making some conquest which would be memorable and
give satisfaction to his Majesty, asked the Governor Vaca
de Castro to entrust them with the leadership of an ex-
pedition ; and as he was anxious to see the soldiers dis-
persed, the back country opened up and thoroughly ex-
plored, and the name of Christ made known in all parts,
he was glad of their proposal and very willingly favoured
all who wished to take part in the adventure, by furnishing
them with arms and horses and money. So he nominated
Felipe Gutierrez as Captain-general, Diego de Rojas as
Chief Judge, and Nicolas de Heredia as Camp-master, with
the necessary powers and commissions, in the name of our
lord the King. In default of Gutierrez through illness, or
being killed by the Indians, Diego de Rojas was to succeed
to the chief command; and if, in his turn, Rojas should
fail, Heredia was to take over charge. When the soldiers
learnt that Diego de Rojas was going to be a leader in the
expedition, many, holding him to be a good captain, pre-
pared to follow him.
306
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
CHAPTER LXXXVI
How the Governor, \Taca de Castro, parcelled out the lands, and how
the Captain Gonzalo Pizarro arrived at the city of Lima and talked
openly about affairs.
T T AVIXG made the arrangements just described, Vaca
1 JL de Castro, by virtue of the commission he brought
as Governor, ordered a general repartimiento to be made of
all the encomiendas that were vacant, taking care not to
forget himself nor those he took to be his friends, for
to himself and them he allotted the best and greater por-
tion. Either to justify the course he took, or to become
acquainted with everything down to the roots, he ordered
four of the old conquistadores to inform him, under a solemn
oath, of the services rendered by every one who had been
in the Realm from the beginning. This being done, he
allotted all the natives of the provinces among them, and
issued titles to the encomenderos; requiring them, however,
in the name of our lord the King, to use them fairly, and
to instruct the bondsmen in the affairs of our sacred
religion; and he gave orders that all the villages and towns
in the Realm should be visited. As many captains might
be leaving Peru, to undertake conquests, Vaca de Castro
ordered that the)7 might take just a moderate number of
Indians for their service; for it would not be a fair thing
to still further deplete provinces which were nearly depopu-
lated owing to the calamities of the late wars. If any
soldier tried to deviate from this order he was to be pun-
ished. This order of Vaca de Castro was certainly very
beneficial, for there had been great irregularities in the
past.
We have already mentioned how Gonzalo Pizarro came
WAR OF CHUPAS 307
out of the Canela country very worn out, both himself and
the others who escaped from that adventure. When he
heard of the murder of his brother the Marquis, and that
Vaca de Castro had been acknowledged as Governor. Gon-
zalo was much annoyed, for it seemed to him not just
that he should be deprived of that charge, seeing that by
virtue of a royal provision and the nomination of the Mar-
quis, he, Gonzalo, was Governor of Quito. He spoke about
it in this wise quite openly, saying that he ought to govern
the Realm, no matter whom it might displease, and that
the ingratitude of his Majesty was great, with other dis-
respectful words. When, on the road, he heard of the victory
of Vaca de Castro, he rejoiced in so far that the mur-
derers of his brother had received their deserts, and he
would have been glad to be present in that battle with the
rest, in order to full}7 revenge himself on them. But when
his journeying brought him to Lima he talked still more
freely, as we have said, and between him and his friends
a conspiracy was hatched against Yaca de Castro. As
nothing is hidden from those who govern, the news of all
this soon reached the Governor, and when he heard it he
sent the bachelor Juan Velez de Guevara to Lima as his
lieutenant, with orders not to permit any disturbance, nor
any disrespect to his authority. With these instructions
Guevara set out for Lima, Yaca de Castro first having
written letters to Gonzalo Pizarro, directing him to come
to Cuzco. Gonzalo, therefore, on seeing this command
departed from Lima for the city of Cuzco, and as soon as
Yaca de Castro knew of his approach he ordered that
there should be men at hand readv for anvthing that
might crop up, and that his captain of the guard, Gaspar
Rodriguez de Camporedondo, should exercise special care
in watching the Governor's person.
308
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
CHAPTER LXXXVI1
How they discovered great deposits of gold in the river Caravaya, how
Vaca de Castro ordered all the old tamhos and lodgings to be
occupied, and of the departure of Pedro Anzures and Francisco
Becerra for Spain.
VERY great things happened in the Realm at this
time; and notwithstanding the constant wars,the people
who lived in it appeared very contented and seemed to
take fresh heart, at all points. And it pleased God, in
appreciation of the Christian zeal of the Emperor Don
Carlos, our lord, that great kingdoms and provinces should
be discovered during his reign, full of rivers and hills, the
richest in metals of gold and silver that have ever been
seen. Although the sins of the men who live out here are
many, their Catholic aspirations and eagerness to make
war on the infidels in support of the great expense and
disbursements involved, led them on in these enterprises.
So it was that in this year the richest of all the gold mines
in this country were found at a river called Caravaya—of
which I do not treat here, because I have told about it in
my " Book of Foundations." The gold that was extracted
was of perfectly pure quality, and there were many instances
of 500 and 1,000pesos being taken from one trough. Alto-
gether they got from this river more than 1,300,000 pesos
worth. As the treasure was so great, so also the labour
was not less. It employed man}- gangs of Indians and, the
climate being very different from that of Peru, a great
number of them died. From these natives Vaca de Castro
got lavish supplies of gold; and, retaining the coca profits
as he did for himself alone, he realized further large sums of
money to meet the extravagant expenditure caused by his
WAR OF CHUPAS 309
ostentation and by requiring- greater ceremonial homage
than was a Governor's due. The rich yield of the river of
Caravaya was increasing, and ordinances were enacted to
regulate affairs concerning the mines. Hearing that great
outrages were being committed on the natives because
many of the post houses or tambos on the royal road from
Cuzco to Quito were badly provided, and that some men
had been carried off in chains, by which God our Lord was
ill served, and his Majesty too, Yaca de Castro issued an
ordinance which was very proper and beneficial at the
moment. He ordered the feoffees and the caciques or Chiefs
of the various provinces to see.that the post houses were
maintained in the same manner as in the days of the King
Inca Huayna Ccapac, and that they should always be kept
supplied with provisions for persons travelling in the Realm.
The Chiefs were also obliged to provide certain Indians
to go from tambo to tambo with what was necessary; and if
any Spaniard should exact more than the statutory pro-
vision we have stated, he was to be rigorously punished.
In this way the roads were well provided and Spaniards
passed along them without trouble.
At this time the captain Alonso de Alvarado, now that
the war was over and the King was in possession of the
whole country, resolved to proceed to Spain, to give an
account to his Majesty of all that had occurred. He set
out accordingly and arrived at Tierra Firme just when the
Ordinances which his Majesty caused to be sent out reached
those parts; the transcript being brought by one Diego
de Aller, who also said that Blasco Nunez Yela was
coming in the capacity of a Viceroy to enforce them. As
the captain Pedro Anzures and the accountant Juan de
Caceres were then in Panama, with other settlers from
Peru, they urged Don Alonso to return—for the defence
of his property and to petition against the Ordinances.
Alonso de Alvarado answered prudently that if he returned
3IO CIVIL WARS OF PF-RU
and any disturbance should arise, the)- would blame him
for it. The proper thing for them all to do, said he, was to
memorialize the King, with great humility, respecting the
laws; and that, being so Christian a prince, he would not
allow them to be deprived of their estates which the)' had
acquired with so much labour, and that they should go
to Spain to present themselves before his Majesty, who
would order justice to be done. Besides this that Alonso
de Alvarado said to those who were in Panama, he wrote
to the cities of Lima, Truxillo, and Chachapoyas, and
others in Peru, advising that they should act in this and
in no other way: which fact 1 adduce in order that the
fidelity with which this captain was determined to serve
his King may be understood, and even in the presence of
the President Gasca I saw clear enough evidence of his
loyalty over this business, and it seemed to be true.
But let us now return to our subject, which is that the
Governor Vaca de Castro being desirous of dispersing the
Spaniards who had collected together owing to the war
now ended, and understanding that beyond Charcas, to the
west, there were natives and capabilities for founding a
city, he ordered the captain Gabriel de Rojas to go and
attend to it, and gave him the requisite powers and faculty,
in the name of the King. Though Gabriel cle Rojas set out
to found the city, he did not succeed; and therefore we
we will say nothing more about that, but we will now speak
of the arrival of Gonzalo Pizarro at Cuzco.
WAR OF CHUPAS
311
CHAPTER LXXXVIII
How the captain Gonzalo Pizarro arrived at the city of Cuzco, accom-
panied by some followers, but had ?iot laid aside his rebellious
design 0/ occupying the Realm; and of what else happened.
HE captain Gonzalo Pizarro travelled to Cuzco accom-
JL panied by a few comrades who had come out of the
Canela country with him, and others who now joined him,
who, by always talking of things of the past without
considering the serious trouble that must overtake them
in the future, incited him to no good purpose, but to a
course which might do much harm. This is the great
sorrow I feel—that many princes and great lords, if vain
words had not been poured into their ears by the voices ot
youths and flatterers, would not have involved themselves
and their neighbours in so many calamities and disasters.
It has been the same in these Indies, where the men living
in them are alike astute and malicious, as well as so much
addicted to uproars that the governors and captains who
wish to live peaceably get no chance of doing so. Some
to avenge themselves on others, some to obtain commands
and dignities, some to secure favours and riches, incite the
poorer sort to live at enmity with their equals. They rise
for certain objects, and, forced by necessity, have to carry
their opinions forward, while those who thus commit them
slip out of the mess when they see a time for it. So it
was with the ill-fated captain Gonzalo Pizarro who, besides
being ambitious to command, was so stirred up by his fol-
lowers that, after having served his Majesty loyally and
well, he entered upon bad and ugly courses,1 as we are
1 He, at the request of all the principal Spaniards in Peru, took up
their cause against the New Laws, and, when it suited their interests,
they basely deserted him.
312 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
told on a stone memorial which is set up in the city of
Cuzco, forever branding him as a traitor.
When Gonzalo Pizarro had arrived within a short distance
of Cuzco, his companions urged that, having been acknow-
ledged as Governor at Quito on the strength of his ap-
pointment and nomination by his brother, he ought now
to be Governor of the whole kingdom just as his brother
the Marquis was before his death. Should he not take
this step, they said, he would be looked upon by all as a
weak man wanting in resolution, and he would be held in
poor esteem for not daring to take what was rightfully
his. With this specious talk matters reached such a pass
that he came to an understanding with them, and they
with him, to kill Yaca de Castro and seize the Realm:
at least so it is said. Villalba was present amidst these
intrigues, but disapproved of their upshot and pressed on
in advance to Cuzco, where he warned Yaca de Castro of
what was in the wind. The Governor, when he was told
about it, gave orders to the guard to be very watchful; and,
on collecting as many more as he was able to, he found
himself with 400 men. The principal captains were acting
in concert, and agreed that if, when Gonzalo Pizarro should
come, he did anything that was not lawful nor proper for
the King's service, they would cut off his head. By that
time Gonzalo Pizarro had arrived close to the city and, as
there is never any lack of some one to give information,
letters were sent along to meet him, advising him to be
careful of his person, because Yaca de Castro intended
to kill him. When he knew this Gonzalo Pizarro spoke to
Juan de Acosta and others, warning them to be read)' to kill
Vaca de Castro when they would meet, and that he himself
would give the signal. When Gonzalo reached the city,
some persons came out to receive him. It was now publicly
known that Villalba had disclosed the plot, so Gonzalo
Pizarro declared with an oath that he had no such thought,
WAR OF CHUPAS 313
and that Villalba had spoken lies. Villalba maintained
what he had said, and retorted by declaring the names of
those concerned in it. As they now saw and understood that
they were found out, some of them fled, but Vaca de Castro
ordered them to be searched for and, if discovered, to be put
to death.
When Gonzalo Pizarro came to the street where the
Governor's house was situated, there were numerous arque-
busiers posted along the walls, and a body-guard within.
Martin de Guzman was at the door, with orders not to let
anyone enter except Gonzalo Pizarro himself, and this was
obeyed. Vaca de Castro received him very well, and con-
versed with him on his expedition into the Canela country,
and the great hardships he had endured. After he had
advised Pizarro to now give himself rest, the latter took
leave of him. But the men around Pizarro did not discon-
tinue their intrigues. They told Gonzalo Pizarro that Yaca
de Castro wanted to kill him while others told Vaca de
Castro that Pizarro wanted to kill him and seize upon the
government. Then Yaca de Castro sent for Gonzalo
Pizarro and, by a writ under the hand of the secretary Pero
Lopez, required him to proceed to Charcas, where he had
estates, and to stay there, without maintaining any body of
men which might give rise to a renewal of the scandal, on
pain of being declared a traitor and forfeiting all his pro-
perty. He was to live there as a private person.
They say that, after this, Gonzalo Pizarro continued to
entertain damaging intentions against the Governor, and
that one day, when Yaca de Castro was out with his guards,
Pizarro came up to speak to him. The arquebusiers, see-
ing him approach, stepped forward to intercept him; but
on observing this Yaca de Castro said, " Stay where you
are, for where Don Gonzalo Pizarro is, I deem myself safe
and need no other guard." When Pizarro heard these con-
fident words he abandoned the design he had been nursing,
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
and set out, accompanied only by his servants, for the town
of Plata, where he had Indians who yielded more income
than is possessed in Spain by the Archbishop of Toledo
and the Count of Benavente.
CHAPTER LXXXIX
Doit.' the captains Felipe Gutierrez and Diego de Rojas set out front
Cuzco on their expedition of conquest.
IT will be well, now that the wars of Las Salinas and of
Chupas are bygones, while the time has not yet come
for those of Quito and Huarina, and the others which were
fought in the Realm, that we should continue our history
by relating the things that happened, for I have set my-
self the task of giving an account of them to my country.
Yet my mind is so confused in trying to comprehend the
affairs which we yret have to deal with, and my body so
aweary through the long journeys and protracted vigils I
have passed through, that I certainly7 need divine help to
complete the great undertaking that I have in hand.
My condition is like it was during the expeditions I took
part in, when climbing great and rugged mountains so
lofty that their summits were lost in the clouds and the
scud that accompanied them. At times, when I saw myself
in the midst of the ascent, 1 used to feel so fagged that it
was very difficult for me to reach the top; and on turning
to gaze beneath me it seemed as if the deep ravines must
reach down into the inferno. So in my exhausted state I
prayed to God to give me strength to pass onward. Look-
ing back at what I have written since 1523 down to the
present time, and realizing how voluminous the writing has
been, as well as the much that remains to be finished, I am
WAR OF CHUPAS 3 I 5
in still greater trouble than I was in the mountains. For
were 1 to finish off here what is begun, the work would be
incomplete ; while, if I go on, my judgment is so weak,
and my head so vacuous that I know not how I shall be
able to do it. But reflecting, as the Philosopher says, that
some men must attempt great deeds and worship lofty-
ideals, the commoner sort being open to all, 1 will go on,
while praying to God to give me strength, and invoking
the aid of His most holy Mother ; and I will finish the
work, or perish in the attempt.
We have already said that the Governor Yaca cle Castro
appointed the captain Felipe Gutierrez to be the leader of
an exploring party to the region lying to the northward of
the famous river of La Plata and the Strait of Magellan,
and the captain Diego de Rojas to remain as Governor of
the first city they rnight found; and that he named Nicolas
de Heredia, jointly with these, as Camp-master. As, in this
empire of the Indies, there had been great trouble, owing
to the death of those in command, Yaca de Castro desired
that his Majesty's interest should not suffer in such a con-
tingency this time. So he provided that, if it should please
God to take Felipe Gutierrez, the command should vest in
the two, and, if one of them died, the other should remain
in charge. There were great reports of a river called
Arauco, on the borders of Chile, and the intention was to
explore in that direction. As soon as the captains received
their commissions, they busied themselves in enlisting
men, and soon got 130 Spaniards together, horse and foot.
To provide for them, besides the help given by Vaca cle
Castro, they all three laid out as much money as they
could provide. For Ensign-general they had Hurtado, for
captain Pedro Lopez de Ayala, for royal officer Rodrigo
de Cantos. Among them, too, was the spirited youth Diego
Alvarez, who was afterwards Ensign-general at the rout of
Huarina. When all things were ready, Diego de Rojas set
3 16 CIVIL WARS OF PFRU
out for the valley of Chiquana ' with sixty Spaniards, where
he decided to wait for the General Felipe Gutierrez, and
the Camp-master Nicolas de Heredia. So Diego de Rojas
departed, and marched until he reached that valley, where
he learnt from the local Indians that there were large
native settlements farther on and that the Indians there-
abouts had many Spanish fowls. These were derived from
the Spaniards who went out from Spain by command of
his Majesty to explore the river of La Plata, taking Don
Pedro de Mendoza with them as Governor, and who went
through many wonderful experiences, concerning which I
will not write.
Now let the reader please observe what a deal there is
for us to understand in the affairs of Peru. A very par-
ticular friend of mine has told me that I ought to give
information respecting the great rivers Uriaparia and
Marañon, and this one of La Plata. I answered him that
if it should please God to give me grace to get through
with the itinerary of my journeys I would write a special
book for him on those subjects; but that at'present I am
concerned with the true account of men who in those clays
were engaged in discoveries, and must therefore leave the
reader to find in that one what is here wanting. For the
purpose of pursuing this, our work, there is no need to state
more than that the Spaniards who accompanied Mendoza
had but recently come from Spain, and did not understand
the ways of the New World, nor what men have to sur-
mount there ; so that many of them died. The survivors,
after their Governor's death, were gentlemen and men of
honour, for death takes more quickly those of low degree
than the noble; and these pushed on inland from the east
side, traversing many regions and great provinces, until at
last they came out very near to the town of Plata, as we will
1 Now Chicuaiia. Put the modern place is far from the old site.
WAR OF CHUPAS 317
CHAPTER XC
Hoiv the General, Felipe Gutierrez, and the Camp-master set out from
Cuzco, and hoiv Diego de Rojas went to explore in,the direction
indicated by the Indians.
^T^HE General Felipe Gutierrez and the Camp-master
J. Xicolas de Heredia had remained in the city of Cuzco,
and, as soon as Diego de Rojas departed, they sent the
Spaniards outside, because, being in small parties, they
would gain supplies more easily, and the Indians would
suffer less hardship. When everyone else had gone, the
captains departed likewise. It is very commonly the case
1 Western?
relate farther on. As the ships that had landed them on
the coast left some of the fowls I have mentioned, our
two explorers were able to procure some, and the natives,
finding that they were profitable, and dainty eating, bred so
many that they became distributed and increased far and
wide, and thus it was that Diego de Rojas came to hear
about them. As these Indians were such romancers, they
exaggerated the reports of that country, saying that the
Christians who went there were very fortunate, and that
the land was very rich in gold and silver of its own pro-
duction. The Spaniards, hearing these things, besought
Diego de Rojas to leave the eastern1 road, which led
towards the river Arauco, and to make for the part men-
tioned by the Indians, so that in a short time they might
perchance find themselves in a country where all would
become rich. Diego de Rojas, eager for discovery, was
overjoyed on hearing the words of those who wanted to go
that way, and decided to do so.
3 I 3 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
that the men who roam about this country are ill disposed,
friends to turmoil and enemies of concord, without having
an}- reason for breeding strife; and thus, some of those
who had arrived at the place where Diego de Rojas was
waiting told him that Felipe de Gutierrez was coming
with some of his friends, and harboured an intention of
murdering him, when they arrived, so as to gain the sole
command. Diego Rojas did not fail to be disturbed on
hearing what we have said, but, being a prudent man, he
did not believe it to be altogether true, nor did he put all
suspicion aside, but took warning to look out for himself.
As those who were with him were eager to go forward
with the expedition, he ordered forty Spaniards to get
read}' to go with him, at the same time writing to Felipe
Gutierrez to make haste and join him. Fie left Diego Perez
Becerra in charge of the camp, and secretly instructed
Pero Lopez de Ayala to go back and meet Felipe Gutierrez,
ascertain his intention and proceedings, and report the
result to Diego himself. Pero Lopez de Ayala went, with
three mounted companions. As soon as these messengers
had departed, Diego de Rojas left Chiquana and, guided
by what the Indians had told him, made his way over
pretty difficult country until he reached a province called
Tucumd? which lies beyond the cordillera of the Andes,
and at the foot of very rugged hills, which, however, are
not more than four leagues across. To reach this province
they followed down the course of a stream. The distance
from there to Chiquana, where the camp was left, is fifty
leagues.
In some parts of this province there are dense forests;
the rest is open plain, and there the Indians have built
round houses of heavy timber framing, thatched with straw.
1 Tucuman. It was then a common practice to substitute the a for
the terminal an. The name of the Chilean commander Yillagran is
often spelt without the n—Villagra.
WAR OF CHUPAS 3 19
The natives knew of the coming of the Spaniards, rumours
of it having spread far and wide, but they had not the
courage to oppose them. On the contrary, the}' fled from
their homes like cowards, through fear of the invaders.
When Diego de Rojas arrived at Tucuma and found that
the natives did riot come out to him, having intelligence of
a more populous district farther on, he decided to continue
his march to another village called Capaydn. The Chief of
that place, when he heard that the Christians were coming,
ordered 1,500 of his vassals to assemble, all loaded with
straw, besides carrying their ordinal'}' weapons. When they
came near to where Diego de Rojas and his comrades
were advancing, the Chief ordered the straw to be laid
clown as a mark beyond which the Spaniards must not
advance, and warned them that if the)- passed it the}- would
all be killed, for that thev had no right to invade the land
which belonged to the Indians and had been in their occu-
pation without let or hindrance for man}- ages. The cap-
tain Diego de Rojas, seeing what the Indians did and said,
told his companions to be mounted and reach- for what-
ever might happen, as he wanted to speak to the natives,
and to explain to them the cause of his coming. After the
Chief had made his speech, all the Indians took up their
bows and arrows, while Diego de Rojas, moving to where
the Chief stood, explained that he and those other Christians
were subjects of the Emperor Don Carlos, and that thev
came from other places where he also was lord. If the
Indians would believe in our God, and have the Emperor
for their natural lord and king, there would be peace and
true friendship between them; if not, war could not be
avoided until, forced by necessity, the}- themselves should
pray for peace. Diego de Rojas made them understand
this through the interpreters present.
The Chief, and those who had come with him, answered
by repeating what they had said before, being astonished
320 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
CHAPTER XCI
Of ivhat else happened to the captain Diego de Rojas.
ALL the natives of the regions near where the Spaniards
were marching were in great terror. The)- thought that
there must be some deity in the invaders and, though they
did not number forty, all who even heard their name trem-
at seeing the horses and their swiftness of foot, and at the
appearance of the Spaniards and their being so silent. After
spending a short time in contemplating them, the Indians
made up their minds to approach Diego de Rojas, and
presently, by gathering round him, tried to cut him off.
He was by no means off his guard, but, understanding the
Indians' cunning, he chicled them for what they had done,
and told the interpreter to repeat what he said, to the
Chief. The Chief replied that his Indians were so ill-
behaved that even when he gave an order they would not
obey, nor give up doing what the)' 'were about. When
Diego de Rojas heard this, he put spurs to his horse, and
began capering about in all directions. The natives were
astounded at seeing the swiftness of the horse and the
fun- with which it galloped. The Spaniards, when they
saw that their captain no longer held discourse with the
Indians, pointed their lances, and charged among the In-
dians, and began to drive them into their naked bodies.
When the latter saw that the game was up, they began to
run away in great terror. Diego de Rojas ordered the
Spaniards to cease the slaughter, because the Chief had
been sorry for the impudence of his people. When the
Spaniards heard the order, they desisted from wounding
those who had fallen, and the Indians also refrained and
gave heed by command of their Chief.
WAR OF CHUPAS 32 I
bled with fear. They said to each other that the horses
understood the Spaniards, and that they were such great
and fierce animals that they would kill every one they met.
As the Chief of those Indians who had come out on the
war path was more alarmed than any one, he sought with
a good will to make peace with Diego de Rojas, who
granted it, saying that he did not come to make war un-
less he was forced into it. Taking counsel with the other
Spaniards who were with him, he determined to return to
Tucuma, as it was not prudent to advance further,they being
so few and the natives so numerous. Speaking to those
who were present, the captain Diego de Rojas said that he
would return to where he had left many Spaniards and
horses, so that all might go together to conquer those
regions, and place them under the dominion of the king
Don Carlos. Having said this, he set out on his return to
Tucuma, where they found a large supply of provisions.
In order that the Indians might not think that the
Spaniards fled from fear of them, Diego de Rojas resolved
to send Francisco de Mendoza with six horsemen to return
to Chiquana to make all those come, who had remained.
Francisco de Mendoza having departed, Diego de Rojas
ran.a great risk with only thirty men, the six being taken
off. But his watch was so careful, that it was not easy for
the Indians to take him unawares. The supplies were so
abundant, that they could get plenty without any trouble;
there were more hens than in the land of Campos, and
very plump ones; also a great quantity of ducks, and not a
few guanacos in those provinces. The Indians would have
been glad enough to kill the Spaniards, and to clear them
out of their provinces, but seeing their enemies so watchful
and well prepared they did not venture to make opposition.
They agreed to wait and see what would come of the in-
vaders' presence.
The natives of these provinces are well made. They
V
322 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
1 Avestruces in the M.S.—but really the Rhea.
• Rtxa orellana—anatto. 3 The MS. is defective here.
wear long cloaks of wool from below the arm, a strip
from it passing over the shoulder, and the waist belt is
arranged so that the private parts do not appear. In warm
weather they have very graceful and handsome cloaks of
ostrich1 feathers. The women go naked, with no more than
a small apron fastened round the waist, like the maures
which, as we have written, are worn by the women of
Anzerma and Antiochia [sic]. The)' wear their hair very
long and well combed ; they pride themselves on wash-
ing frequently, and use no bija 2 nor any other mixture on
their faces. The food of these Indians is maize and the
flesh of guanacos and their ewes. They are great sorcerers
and the devil is always talking to them. The)- have no
belief, and merely think that they have to live, and must
die. When they die, the relatives make burial places in
the hills where the bodies are placed, and the)' stick a tall
stout post over the grave, on which is carved a figure of
the devil as he was seen by the deceased when, in life, they
talked to him. They do not eat human flesh, and detest
the sin of sodomy. Their houses are large and round, and
the villages not very close together. The)- have not so
much fruit as in other parts. These customs and habits
of Indians relate to those who dwell beyond the province
of Tucuma, for those nearer 3 had been subjugated by the
Incas, and many of them wore clothes. The reason why
the Incas did not subjugate the natives farther on was that
they received glowing reports of the provinces stretching
towards Quito and of the vast quantity of gold in them, so
they extended their conquests in that direction. To make
their dominion secure, in the time of the Inca Yupanqui,
who was father of Tupac Inca, and grandfather of Huayna
WAR OF CHUPAS 323
CHAPTER XCII
How Felipe Gutierrez came to join Diego de Rojas; of the arrival of
Francisco de Mendoza at Chiquana, and what else happened.
IX preceding chapters we mentioned that the General
Felipe Gutierrez and the Camp-master Xicolas de
Heredia had departed from Cuzco, and had gone, with all
speed, to join Diego de Rojas. Francisco de Mendoza had
hastened to do what he had been ordered by the captain
Diego de Rojas, and in a few days he arrived where the
Spaniards had left their camp. There he reported to Pero
Lopez de Ayala and the others what had happened, and the
hope there was that farther on they would come to a very
' Orejoncs was the name given by Spaniards to some wild tribes of
the Gran Chaco, because they perforated and stretched the ear lobes.
/
Capac, certain orejoncs1 were sent by his order, not with
any great company of people nor with an army, but with
articles for barter, in order to learn the disposition of the
natives and the character of the countrv. The greatness
of the Incas was so well known, and the fame of their
victories had made such an impression, that these orejoncs
easily induced the natives to become vassals of the King
Inca Yupanqui. The latter agreed that their friendship
should be perpetual, but that they should not be required
to do more than defend the frontier so that no'enemv
should invade the Inca's territory on that side; and so this
peace was made. In Tucuma they believed the Sun to be
God. All hold that things had a beginning and that there
was one Creator, to whom they offered sacrifices, but all
their beliefs were inspired by the devil because the}- were
deceived by him in their illusions.
324 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
rich country; also that all these regions arc well supplied
with provisions, which was no small relief and advantage to
those who desired to continue the war and discoveries. As
the principal object of Francisco de Mendoza was to meet
Felipe Gutierrez and learn his wishes, he set out with some
mounted men to meet him, and, having travelled for several
days, he came upon him at a village called Totaparo, where
he gave him an account of all that had happened. While
travelling with him, Mendoza tried to find out the humour
in which Gutierrez came, and the feeling he had towards
Diego de Rojas. For so it was that there were not wanting
those who said to Felipe Gutierrez just what had been
said to Diego de Rojas, telling him to look out for himself
because Diego de Rojas wanted either to kill him or to
send him out of the province so that he, Rojas, might have
sole command. Notwithstanding these reports and others
spread by men prone to mischief, Felipe Gutierrez, being
a sensible and God-fearing man, gave little credit to them.
In the presence of all who came with him, he said that he
asked them to receive him as their captain until he joined
his companion Diego de Rojas, who was a captain well
acquainted with Indian warfare, having grown old in such
service, both in Nicaragua and in other parts. Having
joined him, both they and himself must place themselves
under him and regard him as their superior officer. He
added that, please God, he would not give any credit to the
gossip against Diego de Rojas, which he looked upon as
churlish camp rumours.
When Felipe Gutierrez had said this, Pero Lopez de
Ayala took him apart, and told him secretly of the things
they had said to Diego de Rojas, and of the evil intentions
of some who, without shame or the fear of God, strove
to create discord between them by means of those mis-
understandings.' When Felipe Gutierrez understood this, he
resolved to send other messengers, jointly with Pero Lopez
WAR OF CHUPAS 325
CHAPTER XCII1
How the natives of those provinces concealed the provisions, and of the
want that, it was believed, would be the consequence; also how
Diego de Rojas sent messengers to Felipe Gutierrez.
WHEN the natives saw that the Christians were
settling in the land without any intention of leaving
it, but on the contrary had sent for those who remained in
Chiquana, they unanimously determined to conceal the
de Ayala, namely Alonso de Zayas and Pablo de Monte-
mayor, with letters making known his arrival and stating
what had happened, declaring that he looked upon Rojas
as his -leader and true friend, and that he desired to join
him as his subordinate; also begging him not to believe the
treacherous men who were striving to create enmity be-
tween them. He added that those who carried the letters
would inform him of anything else he might wish to know.
At this time the camp had been moved from Chiquana to
Tucuma. The captain Diego de Rojas found himself with
such a force that he could overrun the country without
difficulty, and compel the barbarians to render obedience
to the great Charles our Lord. Having fixed his camp at
Tucuma, he set out in various directions, with some mounted
men, to explore the province. Zayas and Pero Lopez de
Ayala and the others who came by order of Pelipe Gutierrez
were in some danger, there being no troops at Chiquana.
The Indians yelled in defiance, but at last, by courage and
perseverance, the)' reached Tucuma, and thence proceeded
to where Diego de Rojas was waiting, at a village called
Capaya. His joy was very great when he saw the letters
and learnt that Felipe Gutierrez was coming with good
intentions towards him. Moreover, he felt that he would
do well to deal circumspectly with his own followers.
326 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
provisions in order that, forced by necessity owing to the
hunger they would suffer, they might quit the province.
So, all at once and with great promptitude, they worked
with such good will that, in a few days, nothing was found
but the maize in leaf; for this they could not carry off. The
Christians, feeling the want of food, searched for it in all
directions, and when Diego de Rojas saw that there was
none he took whom he thought necessary with him and,
leaving the camp with a sufficient guard, resolved to go out
and look for anything they could eat wherever they might
find it. First, however, he ordered Pablo de Montemayor
to return to F"elipe Gutierrez with all speed, and tell him
what straits they were in for food; and that, while he him-
self was seeking out where the Indians had concealed the
supplies, he thought it would be prudent for Gutierrez to
halt until further messengers could be sent him. In order
that Montemayor might go in safety, so that the Indians
could not do him an)' harm, the)' sent to obtain some
horsemen from border settlements near the Andes. Diego
de Rojas endeavoured with great diligence to find the
maize and other eatables hidden by the Indians, but failed
to meet with anything whatever. The Spaniards who
accompanied Felipe Gutierrez talked freely against the
captains, regretting that Diego de Rojas should have come
on by that route, knowing it was the intention of all of
them to go towards Chile and the river Arauco. They
murmured in such a way that Felipe Gutierrez feared there
would be a mutiny. Montemayor having made good speed
on the way they met each other in a village called /require,
at the end of the valley of Chiquana, and there he de-
livered the message from Diego de Rojas. Having seen the
letter, Gutierrez regretted the want of provisions, and re-
flecting that hunger was a lesser evil than that the soldiers
should mutiny or kill him, and, moreover, that they were
near the high road leading to Chile, he determined not to
WAR OF CHUTAS
make all the news public, but to push on with all speed to
where Diego de Rojas was, and so the)- set out at once.
When the captain Diego de Rojas could not find any
provisions in all those parts, thickly peopled as they were
from one end to the other, he received news of another
very great province called Concho, and his necessity being
so great, he resolved to adventure his person and those of
his followers in an effort to find something to eat. Having
decided to go there, they succeeded in reaching it in a few
days. The fame of the horses had so cowed the Indians
that they were stricken with terror and were able to offer
but little resistance to the Spaniards, who found plenty
of maize and other supplies. Farther on the)' discovered
another settlement where there were man}' ewes and fowls
and ducks. Diego de Rojas had come upon such abundance
of provisions that he now regretted having sent to detain
Felipe Gutierrez who, notwithstanding that he encountered
some difficult}' in the march through the forests, was
already very near at hand, on learning which Diego cle
Rojas was exceedingly glad. It was not long before Diego
Gutierrez and the Camp-master Nicolas de Heredia arrived,
and they were received by all with great joy, thanks being
given to God that they should thus be united without the
loss of a man.
Hoiv, after the captains were united, they determined to go forward:
how they suffered much from thirst, insomuch that many of their
servants perished, yet how they went on exploring.
'"PHE captains and all the Spaniards, after having rested
JL for some days from their former hardships, and dis-
cussed what might be best for them to do, it seemed good
to all that they should pass on and traverse as many pro-
vinces as they could ; for, if they could reach the mighty
CHAPTER XCIV
328 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
Rio cle la Plata, they would certainly find that its banks
were peopled by very rich nations, and they would all soon
be very prosperous, and would settle in that land which all
who came from Spain were so anxious to see. When they
had come to this resolution, the}' were told by the Indians
that fourteen leagues farther on to the west [sic] there was
a wide tract called Mocaquaxa? but that there was no
water on the way, and no trees but algnrrobbs: When
the captains knew that there would be scarcity of water, in
order that the servants who carried the baggage might not
fail, they ordered ewes' skins to be prepared and calabashes
to be collected for carrying water. They did not take
much count of this desert because, if it was only fourteen
leagues wide, they could march quickly over it and they
would not be much troubled about water. So they struck
camp and began the march late in the afternoon, when the
sun was sinking to hide its brightness behind the high hills
to the westward. They marched with much haste that even-
ing and part of the night, until it was so dark that the guide
could not make out the way, nor guess where he was going.
So, as they could march no farther, the tents were pitched
with the intention of continuing onwards at daylight. Day
had scarcely shown signs of dawning when the Spaniards
were again on the march. The heat was so intense that it
is almost absurd to believe it. They truly affirm that neither
the heats of the Libyan deserts, nor of Egypt, nor of the
sandy desert of the coast near Piura were greater, for at
that time the sun reigned in the south.
As the heat was so great the water they had brought was
soon consumed ; and the more the)- drank the more they
were harassed by thirst. Many of the servants, who came
with the Spaniards, died of the heat and want of water. The
1 Macagax in the Argentine province of Santiago del Estero.
: Algarrobo (Prosopis alba, or perhaps ruscifolia, Gr.\
WAR OF CHUPAS 329
horses were very tired. The Spaniards, seeing the pass to
which they had come, and knowing that if all the servants
died the expedition must be a failure, some of those who
had horses pushed on w.ith what speed they could to bring
water in the calabashes and skins and succour the foot
soldiers and native servants, and enable them to advance.
With no little trouble, the horses being much fatigued, they
returned with the vessels full of water, and thus saved many
lives. They passed the night as best they could. As the dawn
approached our Lord God, who at such times reveals his
marvels, ordained that the clouds, by the thunder that rolled
amongst them, should show signs of approaching rain; and
the people, cheered by the sound, threw themselves down
with their backs on the ground, open mouthed, that the
drops might fall into them should the rain come. It was not
long before a heavy shower came down and Spaniards and
Indians made big pits to receive it. Soon the pits were full,
and the people were able to drink at their pleasure. The
barbarians of the province whither they were going,
when they heard of the coming of the Spaniards, deserted
the country, from the fear in which they held them; and
when the Spaniards arrived there no Indians were to be
found. Whilst they were looking about to see which direc-
tion they could have gone off in they came upon some
spies and scouts who had been left behind [by the Indians]
to carry word of the Spaniards' arrival. These fellows
wounded two horses with their arrows and then made off
to give notice to the Indians and inform them how few in
number the Christians were. When the Indians heard this,
many of them readily assembled to make war, and while the
native servants and some friendly Indians were gathering
herbage for the horses, the enemy came in a troupe of as
many as six hundred Indians, and killed some of them. The
alarm being given, the Spaniards came out on their horses
and joined in the fight. Notwithstanding that a few of these
330
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
were wounded, more than two hundred natives were slain
on the field and man}- more were wounded, so with no
little outcry they turned their backs in terror, astonished
at the valour of the Spaniards, and unable to believe but
that their enemies had some deity among them. The
captains regained the village where they had encamped.
CHAPTER XCV
How the bachelor, Juan Velez de Guevara, arrived at Lima, where the
municipality would not receive him; and of the departure oj the
accountant Juan de Cd ceres for Panama.
^~>HE reader will remember how, in previous chapters,
we related that when Vaca de Castro heard of the
arrival of Gonzalo Pizarro in Lima, and of how things
were freely talked about between him and his followers,
in a way that could not be overlooked, the Governor des-
patched the captain Juan Velez de Guevara to that city
(who had been in the battle at Chupas) to act there as his
Lieutenant, and to remedy what had been said. Having
quitted Cuzco the bachelor Juan Velez arrived at Lima after
Gonzalo Pizarro had already left that city. He presented
to the municipality the commission he brought from the
Governor Vaca de Castro by which the latter appointed
him his deputy, and Captain over the city. The treasurer
Alonso Riquelme, the accountant Juan de Caceres, the
factor Illan Suarez, and the councillors who were present,
valuing highly the credit of their city, complained openly
of Vaca de Castro in that, having amongst themselves
persons of high quality who were known to be anxious
for the King's service, he should send a stranger to be over
them ; and they agreed among themselves not to receive
him. On this subject there were discussions in the Municipal
WAR OF CHUPAS 33 I
CHAPTER XCYI
How the Indians who escaped from (he hands of (he Spaniards returned
to take counsel, and resolved, with much boldness, to go forth again
and fight them, and of the death of Diego de Rojas.
IN a former chapter we related how the Indians of a
village where the captains Diego de Rojas and Felipe
Gutierrez were encamped, had come and fought with them;
and that although more than two hundred were killed, and
as many more wounded, yet they sent messages to all the
districts announcing how few the Spaniards were, and order-
ing the natives to assemble and to attack them vigorously,
as it would be easy to kill them all and their horses. The
Indians were told to anoint the points, of their arrows with
a very poisonous herb they have, for it was known by ex-
perience that no one who was wounded by it ever escaped
death, and that for the liberty of their country and that they
Chamber, and things came to such a pass that the bachelor
was expelled from office and turned out of the Council. As
he refused to submit to their ruling they laid hands upon
him, with the approval of the Municipality, and broke
the verge of office which he had brought. Thus insulted
Guevara quitted the scene ; but, as the councillors knew
that Yaca de Castro was irascible and vindictive, they
began to fear that some harm might come to them on
account of what they had done. The accountant, Juan de
Caceres, not daring to remain until Yaca de Castro should
arrive, departed in a ship for Tierra Firme. The other
councillors and officers remained in great fear lest some
evil should befall them, for having declined to receive
Guevara. We will now resume the narrative about Felipe
Gutierrez and his companions.
33- CIVIL WARS OF PERU
might not be under greater subjection than their forefathers,
they ought not to fly from death if it should face them. More-
over, should any of them be captured by the Spaniards,
they were on no account to reveal the antidote [to the
arrow poison], for if that secret were made known neither
they nor any number of people who might join them could
prevail against the valour of the Spaniards or the fierceness
of the horses. As all desired to see the foreigners who had
invaded their provinces driven out again they assembled
as large a force as they could and after they had offered
their accustomed sacrifices and invoked the devil to their
aid, marched in the direction where the Spaniards were
encamped.
Diego de Rojas and the other captains had decided to
stay there a few days, until they could receive information
about the country ahead of them. When the Indians ap-
proached them, the Spaniards saddled their horses and rode
towards them to give battle. As it is our Lord God's will
and pleasure that those unknown countries, so distant from
Spain, shall be opened up and His glorious standard of the
Cross be known there, He almost miraculously protects the
Christians; that they may find a way before them until they
reach the extremity of the land, where there is little left
before seeing the sun complete its course around the world.
So it was that, though these Indians came armed with
arrows tipped with the poison we have mentioned, God
watched over His Christians. But no special favour was
needful on that day, as a single volley sufficed for the
Indians' dispersal, and after a number of them had fallen
the conflict ceased. Diego de Rojas then sent Pedro Lopez
de Ayala with forty horsemen to explore the country ahead.
The Indians, undismayed by their losses, fought on con-
tinuously during the next two days, and Diego de Rojas
doing his duty as a famous captain in the midst of the
fray, was wounded in the leg by an arrow. After having
WAR OF CHUPAS 333
chased and overtaken the Indians who had wounded him,
they retired to the camp. Diego de Rojas thought little of
his wound, as it was so small. But, since the herb was so
poisonous, it began to work. Diego de Rojas felt ill, and
there being a woman in the camp, who served Felipe
Gutierrez, she came to nurse him. After she had given him
certain things to eat, Diego de Rojas became worse, and
some of his servants said that he had been poisoned by
order of Felipe Gutierrez. Believing this to be true Diego
de Rojas drank a great quantity of oil.
The captain Felipe Gutierrez, when informed of this
suspicion, declared his innocence. He assured Diego de
Rojas, and all who might disbelieve him, that he never
had any such evil thought, and that no one would regret
the loss of his companion so much as himself. When the
poison arrived near the heart, Diego cle Rojas, seeing him-
self so near death, requested Felipe Gutierrez to appoint
in his place Francisco de Mendoza, whom he loved as if
he were his son. Felipe Gutierrez answered that although,
under the authority they held from Vaca de Castro, this
could not be done, the command should, after Rojas' death,
remain vested in the two, and that he was delighted to
please him.
After this, Diego de Rojas died during a violent fit of
retching. He was a native of the city of Burgos: a valiant
man, liberal, anxious always to do what was right. In war
he was always cautious, at all times watching and patrol-
ling like any other soldier. It is believed that if he had
lived these regions would have been completely explored.
Flis death was due to the poison in the herb, for which a
plant of such virtue as an antidote was afterwards dis-
covered, that the poison lost its strength, and the wounded
were cured by means of it.
334
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
CHAPTER XCVII
Hoiv Pero Lopez de Ayala discovered the river Soconcho, found a well-
peopled region, and returned to where the general Felipe Gutierrez
was, and how they all set out for that region.
EFORE the death of the captain Diego de Rojas,
±-S Pero Lopez de Ayala had started out with a few
mounted Spaniards to explore to the eastward; passing
without meeting with any resistance over wide arid wastes
and dense algarrobo forests, peopled by other Indians, who
showed no inclination to attack them. At length they
reached the banks of the river called Soconcho,1 and found
large villages on both sides. Reflecting that it would not be
prudent to advance farther with so small a force, they
returned to report to their leaders. When Felipe Gutierrez
heard what they had seen and discovered, he resolved to
move his camp as far as the province of Tcsnna, a distance
of six leagues. He first sent Francisco de Mendoza to
fetch certain Spaniards who had remained in Tucuma. In
this service Mendoza heard much yelling and had some
skirmishes with the Indians.
When they arrived in that province they found abund-
ance of necessary things. The natives had retired, not
daring to offer battle to the Christians. They now knew
clearly that they were in the country of the poisonous herb,
and that Diego de Rojas had been killed by it, and not by-
connivance of Felipe Gutierrez as had been thought. After
all were united the general Felipe Gutierrez complained,
saying that consent could not be given for Francisco de
1 The river Salado, which watered the province of Socotonio, first
evangelized by St. Francis Solano late in the sixteenth century. They
were by this time on the south-western fringe of the Gran Chaco.
WAR OF CHUPAS
335
Mendoza to take over the post which had been filled by
Diego de Rojas, nor could he suffer him to do so; and thus
there began to be enmity between them, Felipe Gutierrez
wishing Francisco de Mendoza to remain subordinate to
him like the rest, while Mendoza, knowing that he could
not prevent this, had, by making use of the effects of Diego
de Rojas, gained friends who gave him to understand that
they would not see him deprived of the post he then held,
and over this they would all stake their lives. When Felipe
Gutierrez wanted to carry his intention into effect, some
of those in the league formed by Mendoza admonished
him to desist from a measure that must cause scandal and
bloodshed, and be followed by no advantage, but engender
great evil. And mediators thereupon intervening between
them they made friends, and Mendoza retained his appoint-
ment as before. But although this was then arranged, the
suspicion that each felt of the other was not removed.
How the General, Felipe Gutierrez, pursued his exploration down the
rivei- of Soconcho, and what else happened.
\ FTER the private negotiations between the captains
JLx. which we have recounted had been settled, Felipe
Gutierrez, with the concurrence of the rest, went on explor-
ing down the Soconcho river towards the west.' This river
is not very large, but there are extensive native villages
near it; so that those who saw them were of opinion that
some new settlements of Spaniards might be formed there,
whose members could derive large rcpartimientos and other
advantages. The civil wars there have been in the Realm
1 East? Its general direction thereabouts is S.S.E.
CHAPTER XCVIII
336
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
hindered what now, with the help of our Lord, will be
achieved; but let the leaders who may contemplate ex-
peditions in this direction go well provided with horses
and defensive armour of cotton; for other kinds do not
avail. Proceeding' down the river with their exploration,
Gutierrez and his part)' came to a populous district. The
natives have the same dresses and customs as those first
met with; but they have different kinds of religion among
themselves, and the)' speak many tongues. They are a
people under no description of rule, and so entirely without
organization that they appear like brutes.
The\' came out to the Christians with a great yelling,
astonished at seeing them on horses, and took them for
immortals, some of them thinking that horse and man
were one animal. Diego Maldonado had been left with the
baggage, and Felipe Gutierrez waited at a place that seemed
to secure the best supply of food. Felipe Gutierrez felt
sore that Francisco de Mendoza should occupy the position
he held, and sought to deprive him of it. He sent to
him to claim the stores and provisions which had been col-
lected when Uiego de Rojas died. Francisco de Mendoza
would not give them up. On the contrary, he assembled
his friends, and asked them whether they would be faithful
to him, and not allow him to be deprived of his present
post by Felipe Gutierrez. They replied that he need have
no fear of Felipe Gutierrez, for that they would be such
true friends that it would not be possible to deprive him
of the position. It was reported to Felipe Gutierrez that
Francisco de Mendoza always went about closely attended
by some of those in camp; but he did not dare to arrest
Mendoza, and for the time being dropped the subject. He
decided to advance to a large village also called SoconcJw}
The village Soconcho is shown on the Abbe Jolfs'' map, in his
1 listeria del Chaco (1789), on the east bank of the Rio Dulce, or Sala-
dillo, in lat. 28° 40' S. Its true latitude is 280 55'.
WAR OF CHUPAS
like the river. Leaving Sotomayor on guard at the camp,
he set out from thence, taking Francisco de Mendoza with
him; and here we will leave them awhile.
Hoiv, when the news of the Marquis Pizarro's death readied Spain, it
was ordered that a Viceroy and an Audiencia should be appointed;
and of the conference over the Ordinances which were issued for
the government of the new empire of the Indies.
HEN the Marquis was murdered in Lima by the
V V Almagro party the news came with extraordinary
celerity to the ships which were about to sail for Spain, and
the Emperor Charles V received it at . . He held that
it was an evil service to him, on hearing that the Marquis
had been murdered with such cruelty and violence, con-
sidering the great services he had rendered to his Majesty
and the rich provinces he had added to the Realm. His
Majesty wished that the Marquis could have enjoyed
some repose in his old age, and that he had not died so
ignobly. At the same time, his Majesty had felt that he had
also been ill-served by the death inflicted by the Marquis's
brother on the Adelantado Don Diego de Almagro in a
former year. Taking counsel with his grandson, and with
others who attended him for that purpose, and seeing how
remote those kingdoms were from Spain, that in the time of
the governors there had been great outrages and robberies,
and that cruel deaths had been inflicted on not a few lords
and principal people, it was resolved that they should be
so justly ruled that God our Lord and the Royal Crown
should not suffer displeasure. His Majesty' therefore de-
CHAPTER XCIX
1 Blank in the original MS.
Z
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
cided to send out learned men as judges to form a Court
of Justice or Audicncia, and also a Royal Chancellery, in
order that causes might be determined and that in all
things there mi^ht be right decisions so needful in such a
free country where all men are prone to commit evil. In
order that justice might have greater force, it was also
resolved that there should be a Viceroy, whose duty it would
be to see that the natives were well treated by the Spaniards.
The councillors then considered at several sittings whom
should be entrusted with so important a service. His
Majesty had been informed by many people, and from
various directions, of the great oppression the Indians
suffered from the Spaniards, and how the latter, in order
to extort gold from them, had burned them and thrown
them to the dogs; also how they seized the natives' wives
and daughters for their own uses, and committed other
atrocities. Above all, there was very great remissness about
their conversion ; no one caring for the souls of the poor
natives. As a Christian prince, fearing God, the Emperor
was very anxious to find a remedy for these great evils. 1 le
felt that, as universal pastor, he was responsible to God.
Nevertheless, his Majesty's repeated absences from Spain,
so important for the worship of God and for his own
service, had interfered with the mature consideration of
what should be done to avoid these great evils, and of
what laws ought to be made for the protection of the
Indians.
At this time the reverend Friar Bartolome de las Casas,
who was afterwards Bishop of Chiapa, arrived in Spain,
by whom it was asserted that the Spaniards were treat-
ing the natives in the manner we have mentioned, and it
was even hinted that their behaviour was worse still. His
Majesty ordered the assembly of grandees and prelates,
jointly with men learned in the law who were members of
his distinguished and puissant Council, to determine what
WAR OF cnurAS 339
should be provided for the good government of the new
realm or empire of the Indies. They met many times in
the presence of the King, some arguing, others thinking ;
and their deliberations resulted in the New Laws, which
for this, and not for what the people in Peru supposed,
were enacted; so that we can, in each one of them, see
points which demonstrate the feeling and the reason for
their adoption. As these Ordinances were very famous, and
as Gonzalo Pizarro stood in Peru in opposition to them,
thereby giving rise to great battles and many wars, we
will insert them in this place word for word, taken from
the originals.
I know from my experience gathered during a long
residence in the Indies that there were great cruelties and
much injury done to the natives, such as cannot be lightly
stated. All know how populous the island of Española
was, and that if the Christians had treated the natives
decently and as friends there would certainly be many
there now. Yet there remains no other testimony of the
country having once been peopled than the great cemeteries
of the dead, and the ruins of the places where they lived.
In Tierra Firme and Nicaragua also not an Indian is left.
The)' asked Belalcazar how man)' he found between Quito
and Cartago, and they desired to know from me how many
now remain. Well, there are none. In a town which had a
population of ten thousand Indians there was not one.
When we came from Cartagena with Vadillo I saw a
Portuguese, named Roque Martin, who had quarters of
Indians hanging on a perch to feed his dogs with, as if they
were those of wild beasts. In the new Realm of Granada
and in Popayan they did things so ruthless that I would
rather not mention them. In fine, as nothing is concealed
from princes, his Majesty became fully informed, and as
soon as he was able to spare time from the affairs of the
empire, he gave his attention to these matters.
340
CIVIL WARS OV PERU
We must also say that not all those who had estates in
the Indies were so bad as to commit such great sins. On
the contrary, there were many who deplored and strongly
denounced such acts. There were men who had passed
through great hardships, miser)-, and hunger such as cannot
be briefly described; man)- had lost their lives in the ex-
ploration and subjugation of the Indies, leaving wives and
children behind them. These resented their fathers' Indians
being placed under the direct authority of the King, and
the eucomieuda the)' held being taken from them, as it had
been granted for certain lives. But this was not sufficient
excuse for taking up arms, for his Majesty would have
listened to the petitions of those who humbly approached
him.
The laws having been made and ordained, they were
proclaimed with the sound of a trumpet in the city of
Seville, and are as follows:—
NEW LAWS
DON CARLOS by the divine clemency Emperor always
august, King of Germany; Doha Juana his mother, and
Don Carlos himself, by the grace of God, King of Cast/lie,
of Leon, of Arragou, of the two Sicilies, of Jerusalem, of
Navarre, of Granada, of Toledo, of Valencia, of Galieia, of
Majorca, of Sevilla, of Sardinia, of Cordova, of Corsica, of
Murcia, of Jaen, of the Algarvcs, of Algeciras, of Gibraltar,
of the Canary Isles, of the Indies, islands and mainland of
the Ocean Sea, Counts of Barcelona, Lords of Biscay and
of Molina, Dukes of Alliens and Ncopatria, Counts of
Roussillon and of Cerdania, Marquises of Oristan and of
Gociauo, Archdukes of Austria, Dykes of Burgundy and
Brabant, Counts of Flanders and the Tyrol—to the most
illustrious Prince Philip our very dear and beloved grand-
WAR OF CHUTAS
341
son and son,1 to the Infantes our grandsons and sons, to
the President of our Council of the Indies, to our Viceroys,
Presidents and Judges of our Audiencias, and Royal Chan-
celleries of our said Indies, islands and mainland of the
Ocean Sea, and our Governors, Chief Alcaldes and other
Magistrates thereof, and to all our Councils, Justices, Alder-
men, Knights, Squires, officials and citizens of all our cities,
towns, and settlements in our said Indies, islands and
mainland of the Ocean Sea, discovered and to be dis-
covered, and to all other persons, captains, explorers or
settlers, inhabitants or natives of whatever estate, quality,
condition or position they may be, as well those who are
already there as those who may come hereafter, to each
one and to all of you in your offices and jurisdictions, to
whom this our letter may be shown, or a copy of it signed
by a public notary, or who may become acquainted with a
part of it or its contents or anything which pertains or
may pertain to any part of it in any way whatsoever: to
you all health and greeting.
Know ye that for many years we have had the wish and
determination to occupy ourselves with the affairs of the
Indies, by reason of their great importance both in matters
appertaining to the service of God our Lord and the in-
crease of our holy catholic faith as well as in those relating
to the welfare of the natives of those parts, their good
government and the preservation of their persons. Al-
though we have endeavoured to attend to these affairs, this
has not been possible, owing to the numerous and constant
distractions which have arisen and which we could not
neglect, and to the absence from these Realms which I the
King have been obliged to incur for reasons which are
notorious to all. Inasmuch as these constant occupations
have not ceased even in the present year, we have ordered
1 That is, his mother Juana's grandson, his Majesty's own son.
342
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
persons of all estates, prelates as well as knights, and
clerics, and some members of our Council to study and
consider matters of the highest importance respecting which
we have received information, in order that a decision
may be reached. The subject was maturely argued and
discussed, and several times considered and debated in my
presence. Finally, having consulted the opinions of all, I
have resolved to command, decree, and ordain the things
now hereii contained, which, besides the other ordinances
and provisions which from time to time we have ordered
to be enacted, we command to be observed inviolably as
laws from henceforward.
I. Firstly, We order and command that the members of
our Council of the Indies who reside at our Court and
meet ever)' morning for three hours and in the afternoon
for such time as is necessary, as business ma)7 arise, shall
in future attend in the same way as hitherto. And as
in the said Council there are a number of Judges, we order
and command that in the cases in which they all sit, which
are the suits of five hundred pesos de oro and upwards,
three votes in agreement may pronounce a decision, and
when the other votes differ among themselves, the three
can and shall determine the case. And for the quicker
settlement of cases not exceeding the said five hundred
pesos two members of the Council may hear and, if in
agreement, settle them.
II. As We have directed certain new rules to be drawn
for our Audicncias of New Spain, Peru, Guatemala, Nica-
ragua, and the island of Española, touching the order and
procedure the)' should adopt in considering and determining
suits which may come before them, and in the conduct of
other things concerning the good government and conserva-
tion of those parts and the natives of them, and that the
members of our said Council ma)- keep more exactly in
mind what powers and duties are allotted to the Audicncias
WAR OF CHUPAS 343
and not recognize nor adjudicate upon anything extraneous
thereto, I have directed the said rules to be incorporated
here, and we order our said President and members of our
Council of the Indies to keep to and comply with what they
contain, and neither adjudicate upon nor recognize an)--
thing contrary to their tenour and object.
III. We disallow and expressly forbid any servant or re-
tainer of the President or members of our said Council, any
Secretary, Public Prosecutor or Reporter to be an attorney
or suitor in any business of the Indies, on pain of banish-
ment from the Realm for a term often years, and we order
every member of the Council above named who ma)- know
of it, to punish and prevent such things, as tending to our
disservice.
IV. We order and command that it shall be the duty of
those of our said Council of the Indies to keep all the laws
and ordinances of our kingdoms, and especially those made
by our Royal Council and the Judges of our Audicvicias
and the other Judges of our said kingdoms, with reference
to purity as regards the receiving any gifts, payment, or
loans from litigants and other persons having or expecting
to have business before them, nor shall the)7 write any
letters of recommendation to the Indies on pain of punish-
ments enacted in the said laws and ordinances.
V. In order that the President and members of our
Council of the Indies may be free to devote themselves to
the affairs of the government of those parts we decree and
command that they shall abstain, as far as possible, from
dealing with any private business, for it is with that aim
that we have arranged and ordered all that touches the
said Audiencias and the affairs with which they have to
deal. And though the reviewing of rcsidcncias is a matter
that it seems might properly be conducted by the Council,
yet, in order that its work of governing may be the more
efficient, and that the Council may devote greater attention
344
CIVIL WARS OR PERU
to public affairs and meet with less interference from other
business—taking into account, too, the great distance to
be traversed in reaching those Realms—we order that
there shall be brought before our said Council of the
Indies only those residencias and inquiries that may be
held in respect of the Judges and officials of the Audi-
cncias, and of our Governors throughout the Indies, and
we allow and direct all the others to be heard, adjudged,
and determined by the said Audicncias, each one in its
own district and jurisdiction. As our principal intention
and will has always been to preserve and augment the
numbers of the Indians, and that the)- may be instructed
and taught the articles of our holy catholic faith, and
be well treated as free men and our subjects, as in fact
they are, we charge and command our said Council always
to give great attention and special care to the conservancy,
good government, and good treatment of the said Indians,
and to ascertain how our Ordinances are complied with and
executed, especially those We have issued and shall issue
for the good government of our Indies, and the adminis-
tration of justice in them, and to see that these are ob-
served, complied with, and put into execution without any
remission, fault or neglect.
VI. We charge and order those of our said Council of
the Indies to sometimes think over and discuss and learn in
what ways we may be justly served and derive advantage
in the affairs of the Indies. As observance and compli-
ance with what is enacted or may hereafter be enacted for
the good government and welfare of the Indies is of great
importance to our service and to the discharge of our con-
science, we order our Procurador Fiscal? who is or may
hereafter be a Member of our Council, always to take
great care and be very vigilant in inquiring and learning
1 Attorney General.
WAR OF CHUPAS 345
1 Santo Domingo, Mexico, Guatemala with Nicaragua and Peru.
how the laws are being observed and complied with in
those parts, and to report the same in our said Council,
taking steps against those who do not comply, so as to
enforce obedience to what is enacted, and he is to give us
notice when this is not done.
VII. We order and command that, in the provinces and
Realms of Peru, there shall reside a Viceroy and a Royal
Audicncia consisting of four learned Judges, the said
Viceroy presiding over the said Audicncia, which shall be
established in the city of The Kings, that being the most
convenient position, for henceforward there will be no Audi-
cncia in Panama.
We order that a Royal Audicncia shall be established on
the confines of Guatemala and Nicaragua, consisting of
four learned Judges, one of them being President, as may
be appointed by Us, and at present we order that the
President shall be the Licentiate Maldonado (who is a
judge in the Audicncia at Mexico), and that this Audicncia
shall have charge of the government of the said provinces,
and their dependencies, in which provinces there will not
be Governors, unless We should otherwise order, and these
Audicucias, like those established in Santo Domingo, are
to observe the following rules:—
Firstly, we will, decree, and command that all the criminal
cases of whatever quality or importance which are pend-
ing, and that may arise hereafter before an)7 of the four
Royal Audicucias1 of the Indies, may be considered, ad-
judged upon, and decided by our said Audicucias, by trial
and revision, and the judgments thus given shall be
executed and carried into due effect without any further
appeal, petition, recourse, or other remedy whatsoever.
In order to avoid the delay which would occur and the
great injur)-, charges, and expense to the litigants, which
346
CIVIL WARS OR PLRU
would ensue should they come to our Council of the Indies
following on any suit or civil action on which appeal was
made from our said Audicncias, and in order that justice
may be done more quickly and with less loss, we enact
and command that in all civil suits which mav be brought
and which are brought, and are under the consideration of
our said Audicncias and our said Presidents and Judges
who have been or may be appointed, these same shall try
them and pass judgment and decide them by trial and
revision ; and the judgment given on revision ma)- be
carried out without there being any further step by appeal,
petition, or an)- other recourse whatever, unless the suit
be of such nature and importance that the value of the
property in question be ten thousand pesos dc oro or up-
wards, in which case we will that they may appeal a
second time before our Royal Presence, provided the
suitor making the said second appeal do present it before
us within one year from the time that the revised judg-
ment is notified to him or to his Attorney.
But we will and command that, notwithstanding the
said second appeal, the judgment which the Judges of our
said Audiencias shall have given on revision be carried
out, the suitor, in whose favour it is given, first of all
furnishing sufficient security and proof that, if the said
judgment be revoked, he will restore and pay whatever
he shall have been and will be awarded and granted by
that [judgment], according to the decision which shall
be given by the persons to whom the matter was by us
intrusted. Plowever, if the judgment on revision given in
our said Audiencias should be on a question of real estate,
we declare and command that the second appeal shall
not lie, but that the said revised judgment, notwithstand-
ing it be not in accord with the judgment on [first] trial,
shall be carried out.
We decree and command that the Judges to whom we
WAR OF CHUPAS 34/
may commit such a suit on second appeal, do examine
and decide the suit by the same procedure as would have
been followed in our said Audicncia, without admitting
new evidence or new charges, in conformity with the laws
of our kingdoms touching a second appeal.
And in order that our said Audiencias may possess the
necessary authority, and that what is decreed and ordained
by them may be better obeyed and executed, we will and
command that the letters, writs and other instruments de-
creed by them, be issued and delivered in our name and
under our royal seal; and let the same be obeyed and com-
plied with like our own letters and writs signed with our
Royal Name.
As in each of our said Audiencias there are to be four
Judges, we decree that all four shall sit in suits for five
hundred pesos de oro and upwards, and for the settlement of
such a suit three votes must be in agreement; but if the suit
be for less than five hundred pesos, we decree that two
votes in complete agreement shall suffice, the other two
votes differing from one another. Up to the said sum of
five hundred pesos, in order to expedite business, two of
our said Judges may try, hear, and give judgment if they
are in agreement.
Moreover, we decree that in whatever is not here stated
or directed our said Presidents and Judges of our said
Audiencias shall be obliged to observe, and let them
observe, the ordinances issued to them by Us and the
Rules of Court made for our Audiencias established at
the City of Grenada and the Town of Valladolid, and the
several benches of Corregidores and Judges of Residencia,
and the laws of these our kingdoms and the commentaries
and procedure relating to them.
Moreover, we decree that the appeals which are referred
from Governors, where there is no Royal Audicncia,
shall eo before the Audieucia of that district and jurisdic-
34$
CIVIL WARS OF I'FRU
tion, and in such cases we decree that the laws of these
kingdoms which do not permit of a second appeal be
observed.
X. We decree and order that our said Presidents and
Judges be empowered to send and do send to take
rcsidcncias of our Governors who are subject to our said
Audiencias, and of their Officials and our other Magis-
trates, how and when it may seem to them proper, according
to the suits that may arise. For this purpose they shall
send trustworthy and prudent persons who know how to
conduct them and do justice to those who have made com-
plaints against them [these officials]—in conformity with
the laws of our kingdoms and the rules for Corregidores.
The reports of rcsidcncias which may be taken as aforesaid
of our Governors of Islands and Provinces are to be sent
with all despatch to our Council of the Indies that they
may be considered and decided by it. But all other rcsi-
dcncias which may be taken of our other Magistrates, we will
and command that the)- be examined and adjudged upon,
by our Presidents and Judges of our said Audiencias and
be not sent or brought to our said Council; it is not to be
understood from this that the members of our Council may
not send and take the residencia of the said Governors when
it ma)' appear to be necessary.
As one of the principal things in which the said Audicncias
are to serve us is to take very special care about the good
treatment and preservation of the Indians, we command
that they shall always keep themselves informed of ex-
cesses or bad treatment which are or may be committed
by Governors or by private persons, and of how these have
observed the Ordinances and instructions that have been
given them, which have been made to ensure the good
treatment of the Indians; and in so far as such excesses
have been or may in future be committed, let the said
[Audiencias] take care to remedy it, by punishing the
WAR OF CHUPAS
349
offenders with rigour in conformity with justice; and in
suits between Indians or against Indians, let them not
permit ordinary procedure to be followed, nor allow the
hearing to be protracted, as sometimes happens through
the jobbery of some advocates and attorneys, but let them
be settled summarily, allowing weight to their usages and
customs, if they be not clearly unjust; and let the said
Audiencias take care that this is observed by the other
lesser Judges.
XI. We decree and command that from now onward,
neither because of war, even though under the category of
rebellion, nor by barter, nor for any other cause in any other
way, may an)' Indian be made a slave; and we wish them to
be treated as our subjects of the Crown of Spain, for that
they are.
Xo persons may make the Indians serve by way of " na-
boria " or " tapia," 1 nor in any other way against their wills.
As we have decreed a provision that from now hence-
forward no Indians shall be made slaves, both with regard
to those who up to this time have been made so against
justice and right, and against enactments and instructions
issued, we direct and command that the Audiencias sum-
moning the parties shall summarily and briefly, merely
ascertaining the truth, without legal quibble, place the
enslaved at liberty, unless the persons holding them as
slaves can show a title that they hold and own them
legally. And in order that Indians should not be held
unjustly as slaves for lack of persons to urge the aforesaid,
we command the Audiencias to appoint persons to manage
such suits on behalf of the Indians, and to remunerate
them from fines of the Court; and let them be men of in-
tegrity and diligence.
XII. We order that, for the protection of the Indians,
1 Xaboria—domestic service: tapia— task work.
350
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
the Audiencias are to take special care that these do not
carry loads; or, if in some parts it cannot be avoided, that
it be clone in such a way that the load be not so heavy
as to endanger the life, health or preservation of the said
Indians, nor be done against their wills, nor unless they are
paid. In no circumstances is such work to be forced on
them; let those who act otherwise be very severely punished.
In this no exception is to be made for any person whatever.
As we have been informed that the pearl fishery has not
been conducted with the good order that is desirable, and
that it has resulted in the deaths of many Indians and
Negroes, we order that no free Indian shall be taken to
the said fishery against his will, under pain of death; and
let the Bishop and the Judge who may go to Venezuela
direct what may appear to them just in order that the
slaves employed in the same fisher)-—Indians as well as
Negroes—be protected, and deaths cease. And if it should
appear to them that the risk of death cannot be avoided
by the said Indians and Negroes, then let the pearl fishery
cease; for, as is reasonable, we value much more highly
the preservation of lives than the profit which may come
to us from the pearls.
As the viceroys, governors and their lieutenants, and our
officers, prelates, monasteries, hospitals, religious houses,
mints, as well as officers of our revenue, and other persons
favoured as officials hold Indians in encomienda, and as dis-
orders have arisen in the treatment of those Indians, it is
our will and we command that all the Indians they hold
and possess shall be promptly placed under [the pro-
tection of] our Royal Crown, by whatever title they may
have been held by those who are or were viceroys, governors
or their lieutenants, or any of our officials of justice, of
revenue, of hospitals, confraternities, and other similar
bodies. Although the Indians may not have been placed
in encomienda by virtue of the said offices, and though the
WAR OF CHUPAS 35 I
1 Juan Infante. Xo notice seems to be preserved of this enco-
mendcro.
Diego de Ordas. Was a native of Campos de Valverde or Castro
Verde. He was chief Mayordomo to Diego de Velasquez, governor
of Cuba, and was sent by him to arrest Cortes at Trinidad, in the
Island of Cuba, when he had already started on the expedition to
Mexico. Instead of arresting Cortes, D. de Ordas joined his company
and was made Captain of one of the ships of the expedition, and be-
came one of the principal leaders. He was the first Spaniard to
ascend Popocatepetl. After the fall of Mexico he was sent by Cortes
on a mission to Spain, when he was made a Comendador of the
order of Santiago, had the grant of Indians which had been made to
him in Mexico confirmed by the Emperor, and was given a smoking
mountain (Popocatepetl) as his coat of arms. He then went back to
Mexico, and two or three years later returned to Castile, and petitioned
for leave to conquer the Marañon region, where he lost his life. He
was about forty years old when he left Cuba for Mexico.
Maestro Roa. When describing the festivities in Mexico to celebrate
the peace made by Francis I and the Emperor at Aguas Muertas,
said officials and governors should say they would rather
resign their official positions and keep the Indians, they
are not thereby excused from compliance.
We further order that all persons who hold Indians with-
out having a title, but have possessed themselves of them
on their own authority, are to give them up and place them
under our Royal Crown. As we are informed that other
persons, though the)' hold a title, have been given reparti-
mientos in excessive quantity, we order our Audiencias, each
one within its own jurisdiction, to inform themselves full)-
about this and with all possible despatch, and to reduce the
repartimientos of such persons to fair and moderate propor-
tions, the rest being promptly brought under our Royal
Crown, in spite of any petition and appeal that such persons
may make. The Audiencias are to send an earl)- account of
what they have done that we ma)- know how our commands
have been obeyed. In New Spain let especial adjustment
be made of the Indians held by Juan Infante, Diego de
Ordas, the Master Roa, Francisco Vazquez de Coronado,
Francisco Maldonado, Bernardino Vasquez de Tapia, Juan
Xaramillo, Martin Vasquez, Gil Gonzalez de Benavides,1
352
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
and other persons of whom it is said that they hold a very
excessive numberof Indians,according to information which
has been given us. As we have also been informed that there
Bernal Diaz says (ch. cci): "After this, on the following morning,
half this same Plaza had been turned into the City of Rhodes with
its towers . . . and of the hundred knights commanders . . . the
Marquis Cortes was their commander and the Grand Master of
Rhodes. . . .
" I want to add an amusing story concerning a settler in Mexico
called the Master of Rhodes (Maestro de Roda) already an old man,
who had a great wen on his neck. He had the name of Master of
Rhodes because they called him purposely Master of Rhodes, and it
was he for whom the Marquis had sent to Castile to heal his right
arm, which he had broken in a fall from a horse after his return from
Honduras, and he paid him very well for coming to cure his arm, and
gave him some pueblos of Indians.
"When the festivals which I have mentioned were over, as this
Master of Rhodes was one of the chroniclers [of the festivities], and
was a good talker, he went to Castile at that time, and became so well
acquainted with the Señora Doha Maria de Mendoza, the wife of the
Comendador- Mayor, one Francisco de los Cobos, that he bewitched
her, and promised to give her drugs so that she should bear a child,
and he said this in such a way that she believed him, and the Señora
Doha Maria promised him that if she bore a child she would give him
two thousand ducats, and would support him before the Royal Council
of the Indies in obtaining further pueblos of Indians. This same
Master of Rhodes also promised Cardinal de Cigiienza, who was
President of the Council of the Indies, that he would cure him of the
gout, and the President believed him, and they allotted him, on the
order of the Cardinal and through the support of the Señora Doha
Maria de Mendoza, very good Indians, better than those he owned.
What he did in the matter of cures was to heal neither the Marquis's
arm (if anything he left him more crippled, although he paid him
very well and gave him the Indians I have mentioned), nor did the
Señora Doha Maria de Mendoza ever bear a child, for all the hot
sweetmeats of sarsaparilla which he ordered her to take, nor did he
cure the Cardinal of the gout; but he kept the bars of gold which
Cortes gave him, and the Indians which the Royal Council of the
Indies bestowed upon him in New Spain.
" He left behind him in Castile among the traders who had gone to
law [about Indians] a joke, to the effect that a little sarsaparilla which
the Master of Rhodes had brought with him was worth more than all
the services the true conquistadores had rendered to his Majesty,
for owing to this name, which had been given him of Master of
Rhodes, and through being a good talker, he had deceived both the
President and the Señora Doña Maria de Mendoza, while other
conquistadores, however much they had served his Majesty, got no
benefits at all." [Hakluyt Society, Series II, vol. 40, pp. 191, 197-8.]
Francisco Vazquez Coronado. I do not think he was an original
conquistador; he probably arrived later in Mexico. He was an in-
timate friend of Antonio de Mendoza the first Viceroy of Mexico. He
married the daughter of Alonso de Estrada, the Treasurer of Mexico.
WAR OF CHUPAS
are some persons in New Spain who were among the first
conquistadorcs, and yet have no rcpartimiento of Indians, we
order that the President and Judges of the said New Spain
He was appointed Governor of the State of Jalisco, and left his govern-
ment to undertake the conquest of Cibola—"the seven cities."
Bernal Diaz says of him : " Francisco Vazquez had been lately
married to a lady who was a daughter of the Treasurer Alonzo de
Estrada, and, in addition to being talented, was very beautiful ; and
as he went to those cities of Cibola he had a great desire to return
to New Spain to his wife. Some of the soldiers who were in his
company said that he wished to copy the Greek Captain Ulysses,
who when he was before Troy was crazy to go and enjoy his wife
Penelope, so did Francisco Vazquez Coronado, who left the Conquest
he had undertaken. He was attacked by incipient madness and re-
turned to Mexico to his wife, and as they reproached him for having
returned in that way, he died within a few days."
Later on Bernal l)iaz says: "Nor will I call to mind the expedition
which Francisco Vazquez Coronado made from Mexico to the cities
which they call Cibola, for as I did not go with him I have no right to
speak of it."
Francisco Maldonado. Must have been one of the original ccn-
qttistadores as he signed the first letter of the Army of Cortes to the
Emperor. However, there were five men of the name of Maldonado
mentioned by Bernal Di'az. Two of them may be ruled out as their
names, Alonzo and Alvaro, are given—a third, a native of Medellin,
returned to Cuba, invalided. Francisco Maldonado was therefore
probably either Maldonado ' el ancho,' a native of Salamanca and a
distinguished person who had been in command of expeditions, who
died a natural death," or " Maldonado of Vera Cruz, who was the
husband of Doha Maria de Kincon."
Bernaldino Vazquez de Tapia. An original conquistador, as he
signed the first letter to the Emperor. He is mentioned as chosen to
accompany Pedro de Alvarado on an embassy to Montezuma, when
Cortes was at Tlaxcala—but he fell ill on the road and the embassy
was recalled. When the first Royal Aadiencia of Mexico was dis-
missed and many disputes arose, Bernaldino Vazquez was chosen by
the conquistadores as Proctor to go to Spain and represent the in-
terests of Cortes. Bernal Diaz says of him, " a very distinguished and
rich man, who died a natural death.''
Juan Jarainillo. Was captain of a launch during the siege of Mexico.
He accompanied Cortes on the expedition to Honduras, and on the
way, at Orizaba, he was married to Doña Marina the mistress of
Cortt:s. He died a natural death.
Martin Vazquez. An original conquistador described by Pernal Dfaz
as ''a native of Olmedo, a rich and distinguished man " who became a
settler in Mexico—died a natural death.
Gil Gonzalez de Benavides. Was not an original conquistador, but
he accompanied Cortes on his expedition to Honduras. He was the
brother of the distinguished conquistador and Captain Alonzo de
Avila, who had received the encomienda of the pueblo of Cuautitlan,
A A
354 CIVIL WARS OF FERU
find out about such persons and award them, from the
tribute the Indians who may be released will have to pay,
what shall appear to them a sufficient sustenance and fair
provision for the said conquistadorcs who are without re-
partimicntos.
The said Audicncias shall enquire how the Indians have
been treated by the persons who have held them in en-
comienda ; and, if it should appear that the)' ought in
justice to be deprived of their Indians, owing to excesses
and ill treatment of them, we order that they be promptly
so deprived, and that such Indians be placed under [the
protection of] our Royal Crown. The Viceroy and the
Audicncia shall furthermore enquire, with reference to
settlers in Peru, into the excesses which followed the
affair between the Governors Pizarro and Almagro, in
order to send us a report on the subject; and from the
leaders whom they find chiefly to blame in those revolu-
tions let them take any Indians they hold, and place them
under the protection of our Royal Crown.
We further order and command that from now forward
no Viceroy, Governor, Audiencia, explorer, or other person
whatsoever, has the right to allot Indians in encomienda
whether by original indenture, transfer, gift, sale, or in any
other form or manner, nor by voidance or inheritance; but
when a person who owned Indians dies let them be placed
under our Royal Crown. It shall be the duty of the Au-
dicncias to forthwith inform themselves specially about
the person who dies, his condition, merits and services, how
he treated the Indians he held, whether he left wife and
children, and what other heirs, and to send us a report of the
nature of the Indians and the estate, that We ma)' dispose
near Mexico. When Alonzo de Avila left Mexico he gave his brother
power of attorney, so that lie might benefit from the encomienda, and
on the death ot Alonzo dc Avila the Crown claimed the encomienda,
and I think dice was a lawsuit about it.
The two sons of Oil Gonzalez were beheaded for conspiracy.
WAR OF CHUPAS 355
what may be proper for our service, and grant such aid as
shall seem good to us to the widow and children. If in the
meanwhile it should appear to the Audiencia that it is neces-
sary to provide some maintenance for such widow and
children it may be done by making them a moderate
allowance from the tribute to be paid by the said Indians,
the Indians themselves remaining under our Royal Crown
as above stated.
XIII. We order and command that our said Presidents
and Judges take great care that Indians who become
liberated or unclaimed in any of the above ways be very
well treated, and instructed in the doctrines of our holy
Catholic faith, and remain, as our subjects, free men. This
is to be their principal care and that to which we would
have them pay particular attention, and in which they
can best serve us; and let them see to it that the Indians
are governed with justice in the orderly way that the Indians
who are under the protection of our Royal Crown are now
governed in Xew Spain.
As it is reasonable that those who have served as ex-
plorers of the said Indies, and those who have helped by
settling in them and have their wives there, should have
preference in the benefits, we order that in making appoint-
ments to magistracies and other positions of advancement
our Viceroys, Presidents, and Judges of our said Audicncias
shall prefer the first conquistadorcs, and after them the
married settlers, provided that they are persons competent
to fulfil the duties; and until these are provided for, no
other person be considered.
As the hearing of lawsuits brought by Spaniards claim-
ing Indians has been followed by serious objections, it is
our pleasure and we direct that from now forward such
suits shall not be heard either in the Indies or in our
Council of the Indies, whether in respect of Indians under
our Royal Crown or in the possession of another third
356 CIVIL WARS OF PFRU
party; but that every claim that may be preferred upon
this subject shall be submitted to Us, in order that after
obtaining the information proper to the case we ma)- order
it to be settled. Any suit that is now pending, whether
before our Council in the Indies, or in any other place, we
order to be suspended and not heard further, the case being-
referred to Us.
As one of the things wherein, as we are informed,
irregularities have occurred, and may again arise in the
future, is the manner of conducting explorations, We order
and command that in such service the following procedure
be observed:—he who desires to make discoveries by sea
shall apply to the Audicncia of that district and jurisdiction
for a Permit, and having obtained it he ma)- proceed to
explore, provided that, on pain of death, he do not take
any Indian either from islands or mainland, even though
he say that they sell them as slaves and this be so, or even
though the)'wish to come voluntarily (excepting as to three
or four as interpreters), nor ma)' he seize or be in pos-
session of anything against the will of the Indians, unless
by way of barter and in presence of the person appointed
by the Audicncia. The explorer shall observe the rules and
comply with the instructions that the Audicncia may give
him, on pain of forfeiture of all his goods and [arrest of]
his person, at our discretion. He shall be instructed to
take possession in Our name of all the places he may reach,
and record all the latitudes.
XIV. Every such explorer is to afterwards submit to the
Audicncia an account of what he has done and discovered,
and the Audicncia shall send the full report to our Council
of the Indies, that it may decide what is appropriate for
God's service and our own. And let such explorer be
charged with the settlement of the parts he has discovered,
and have the reward that we may grant him in proportion
to his labour, achievements, and expenses. The Audicncia
WAR OF CHUPAS 357
is to send with each explorer one or two rcligiosos, approved
persons; and if such religiosos should wish to remain in the
country discovered they may do so.
XV. No Viceroy or Governor is to undertake new dis-
coveries by land or sea, because of the inconveniences
which have resulted from the same individual being at once
an explorer and Governor.
XVI. Agreements and contracts having been made with
some persons at present engaged in exploration we will
and command that notwithstanding any contract that may-
have been made with them, such explorers do keep and
observe what is contained in these Ordinances, and in the
instructions which the Audiencia may have given them,
provided the latter be not contrary to what we have or-
dained. Let them be notified that if they do not obey,
or should exceed in anything, they will in such case, and
ipso facto, be suspended from their appointments, and will
incur the loss of all favours they might have derived from
Us; moreover their persons shall be at our mercy. We
order the Audiencias, each one of them within its own
district and jurisdiction, to issue to the said explorers
instructions that may appear proper, in conformity with
what they will be able to gather of our intentions from
these our decrees, in order that exploration may be con-
ducted with more rectitude, and that the Indians may be
well treated, and safeguarded, and instructed in the tenets
of our holy faith. And let especial care always be taken to
find out how this is being attended to, and to ensure its
being carried out.
In addition to the aforesaid we command the said per-
sons who are exploring at our orders to promptly make a
valuation of the tribute or service which the Indians in
the land discovered should render as our vassals, and let
the same tribute be moderate, so that they can endure it,
bearing in mind the preservation of these same Indians;
353 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
and the Comendero, where there is one, may be supported
from such tribute. In this way let the Spaniards have
neither authority nor intimacy with Indians, nor any as-
cendancy or command (over them) and let them not make
use of them either for domestic service or in other way
whatever, in much or in little, nor do more than enjoy their
tribute in accordance with the rules which the Audicncia
or Governor may issue for its collection. Let this (be in
force) until We, being informed of the quality of the land,
decree what settlement is proper. And let this be placed
among the other clauses of the contract with the said
explorers.
It often happens that persons who live in the Indies
come or send to beg us to grant a favour about some
affairs of theirs out there, and that from not having
knowledge here concerning the character of persons who
submit such petitions, or their merits or ability, nor re-
specting the substance of their petitions, the case cannot
be duly and satisfactorily dealt with. We therefore decree
that such a person should show cause before the Audicncia
on the spot for what he wishes to petition Us, so that the
Judges of the said Audicncia may inform themselves re-
specting the character of the petitioner and the particulars
of his plaint; and let them send such information, together
with their opinion thereon, closed and under seal, to our
Council of the Indies, so that by this means more light
may be thrown on what decision it will be proper in our
interests to come to.
It is our will and we decree that the Indians now alive
in the islands of San Juan, and in Cuba and Española,
both for the present and as long as it shall be our pleasure,
be not oppressed with tribute or other royal services,
whether of a personal or mixed kind, in excess of what is
due from Spaniards who reside in the said islands; but let
them be left at their ease that they may the better increase
WAR OF CHUPAS 359
and be instructed in the tenets of our holy catholic faith ;
and with this object let suitable religious persons be as-
signed them.
The said Ordinances and matters comprised in this
our letter, each one matter and every part thereof, we
command you all and each one of you, in your said places
and jurisdictions respectively, as aforesaid, to abide by and
carry out and cause to be observed and obeyed and exe-
cuted in all respects unreservedly and with the utmost
diligence and particular care as laid down in this our letter.
You are neither to go against nor overstep its form or
meaning, nor allow it to be contravened or exceeded either
now or at any time whatsoever, or in any manner: under
the penalties stated in it. And in order that all the above-
mentioned [provisions] may be the more widely known,
especially among the natives of our said Indies in whose
behalf and for whose benefit it is enacted, We command
that this our letter be printed from type and sent to all
our Indies to the religiosos entrusted with teaching the
said Indians, whom we charge to get it translated into the
Indian language, that these may understand it better and
know what is provided. Let no party fail in this in any
respect, on pain of our displeasure and [a fine of] a thou-
sand castcllanos de oro for our treasury for each one who
shall act to the contrary. Furthermore, We command the
man who will show you this letter to summon you, and
you to appear, before Us at our Court wherever We may
be, within one year from the date of such summoning,
under the said penalty; under the which likewise we direct
our public notary who shall be called for this duty to
deliver a certificate signed with his sign to the effect that
he has shown this [letter] to you, that we ma)' know how
our command is obeyed.
Given at the city of Barcelona on the twentieth day of
the month of November, in the year of the birth of our
360 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
CHAPTER C
How, as soon as they had drawn up the Ordinances, they scut them to
most piarts op the Indies; how in some places great resentment was
shown, while in others there were no slight disturbances, and how
in the city of Lima the Municipality despatched the alcalde Palo-
mino and Don Antonio de Rivera to apprise Vaca de Castro of it.
AS had been ordered by his Majesty the Emperor, with
the concurrence of the Grandees and Prelates, clergy
and members of his Royal Council, the Ordinances or
laws for the government of the Indies, which we have
quoted, were forthwith sent to New Spain, Española, Po-
payan, and Cartagena to be put in force. The Licentiate
Hernando Diaz cle Armendariz came to the interior pro-
vinces, and when the tenour of the Ordinances became
noised abroad it caused great excitement. Many who had
spent their lives in-the conquests, and had grown old in the
discoveries, displayed great gloom, so that their counten-
ances reflected the anxiety of their minds. In many places
there were meetings and assemblies to discuss the Ordin-
ances, at which it was proposed to report to his Majesty
Saviour Jesus Christ one thousand and five hundred and
forty-two.
I, TkyjfHB,
I, Juan dc Samano, Secretary to their Cesarean
and Catholic Majesties, caused it to be written
by command.
Fr. Garsias, Cardinalis Hispalensis.
Doctor Guevara.
Doctor Figueroa.
Registered. Ochoa de Luyando.
For the Chancellor. Ochoa de Luyando.
WAR OF CHUPAS 361
so that lie might order their petitions to be entertained
until he could be better informed; for the thing had been
clone on statements of infatuated friars. In New Spain,
however, there was a man abounding in virtues and quick
to perceive what was best both for the King's service and
the pacification of the country, Don Antonio de Men-
doza. With great patience and goodwill he ignored the
first outburst of the people, waiting until the general ex-
citement had abated; and then, with loving words, though
weight\r, he not only gave hearing to their petitions but
forthwith suspended the Ordinances, advising his Majesty
that it was best so for his service. In other provinces also
those who governed acted prudently and did the same;
while in yet other parts the}' waited, as all the rest are
doing now, because that course was wisest for the welfare
and tranquillity of those Realms and best, moreover, for
the natives, as any reasonable man will understand.
When the copy of the laws was brought by Diego de
Aller to Panama, there was in that Realm the captain
Alonso de Alvarado who, ceasing to listen to vain talk,
departed for Spain after having expressed the opinion I
have just written. Then Juan de Caceres the accountant,
and others who were there, sent the transcript of the Ordin-
ances to Peru. As soon as they reached that Realm great
excitement arose, it being made known that the)' were
very stringent. Alonso Palomino, who was then alcalde
of the city of Lima, and Antonio de Rivera, were at once
sent off in great haste to the city of Cuzco, where the
Governor Yaca de Castro was, to give him an account of
the unrest, that he might form an opinion on the best
course to be adopted for the common weal and the safety
of the Realm. They set out accordingly for Cuzco, where
they found Yaca de Castro very indignant because the
municipality of Lima had refused to receive the Bachelor
Juan Yelez de Guevara as his Deputy. He sent a constable
362 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
of his to Lima to summon the officials of New Castille to
appear before him at Cuzco; and, at the same time, he
directed certain gold of the royal fifths, amounting to a
hundred thousand pesos, to be sent to Spain. And because
the roval officials of New Toledo were feeling aggrieved
that Cuzco fell within the limits of that province, the
Governor, after the latitude in which it stands had been
well observed, and other points noted, ruled that it lay
within the government of New Castille together with fifteen
leagues beyond it, and that Arequipa and the very rich
districts of the Charcas and Collao were to be included.
In Spain, after the promulgation of the New Laws, they
discussed who should be sent to Peru as Viceroy. News
came that it would be Don Antonio de Leyva, then again
that it was the Marshal of Navarre. Some allege that this
was whom his Majesty intended, but that the Marshal an-
swered that he would not go out to deprive those who
were in the Indies of their property, to which the)7 were
so justly entitled. It was also said here that in Spain many
held that the men in the Indies were of mean position,
and a poor lot who could easily be made to think that it
would be best to comply with the Ordinances, and that very
little sufficed to enable them to live as their fathers did.
These things were heard by the people over here with
great indignation, and, laying their hands on their beards,
they said that it was clear that the glory of Spain's past
was entirely attributable to its illustrious men. Their indig-
nation was the greater in that all who dwelt in the Realms
of New Spain and Peru were men of ancient lineage, whose
forefathers had distinguished themselves in the wars which
the Kings of Spain waged against the Moors. Finally, there
was a wild tumult, the news flying from one part to another,.
and foreshadowing a recurrence of great evils.
WAR OF CHUPAS
363
CHAPTER CI
Of what further took place between the captains, Felipe Gutierrez and
Francisco de Mendoza, and how, after having explored sonic pro-
vinces down the river, Felipe Gutierrez was arrested by Francisco
de Mendoza.
THE reader will remember how, in previous chapters,
we said that the general Felipe Gutierrez went explor-
ing down the Soconcho river, taking Francisco de Mendoza
with him. Having formed his camp among people there,
well supplied with provisions, Felipe Gutierrez turned his
attention to his plan of depriving Mendoza of the command
he held. He sent to ask him for his papers, representing that
he did so of a purpose, and because he wished him well, in
order that the soldiers should not influence him to any
step that might give rise to a renewal of mischief in the
camp which would cause them all to be lost, for in no way
was it possible for two leaders to govern the same force.
Francisco de Mendoza was in no mind to resign the post
that had been given to him, and replied to Felipe Gutierrez
that he would not consider any such proposal, because he
would rather lose his life than his command. After this
exchange of views the friends of Francisco de Mendoza
warned him to look out for himself,because Felipe Gutierrez
wanted to kill him. He was astonished to hear such things
and always kept men in his tent to help him if they should
see him in any pass. The general Felipe Gutierrez moved
from there to another large province; and, leaving Soto-
mayor on guard over the camp, set out in quest of dis-
coveries, taking Francisco de Mendoza with him and such
men as he thought fit. He followed the river towards the
west,1 and they found the land flat and covered with trees
1 Ponientc.
364 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
and explored it for fifty leagues, where he came to a well-
peopled country. The}- had great battles with the bar-
barians in which, although a few Christians and horses
were wounded, main' of the natives were left dead upon
the field. After having advanced the distance stated, the}'
found no more inhabitants, and Felipe Gutierrez wanted
to go in search of some, either in one direction or another.
The soldiers murmured against him, saying that if the}' had
gone to explore in the direction of sunrise they would have
found rich settlements where all might gain advantage, and
that he had neither the sagacity nor the prudence requisite
for undertaking this conquest.
Francisco de Mendoza, glad to hear these things, cun-
ningly began to give out that it was not Felipe Gutierrez
who was to blame, but the soldiers themselves for having
him as their general, since he had not the ability to com-
mand them. In fine he said such things that he moved
their minds to do a very disgraceful deed, and one deserving
of severe punishment, for, revealing himself as the author
of the stroke, this infatuated youth Francisco de Mendoza,
accompanied by those who were his accomplices, went to
the tent of his courageous though careless leader Felipe
Gutierrez and, raising the flap of his tent, shouted at him:
" Why, Felipe Gutierrez, do you wish to kill me? " Aroused
from a deep sleep by the loud voice, Felipe Gutierrez said,
" I kill you, Señor Captain Francisco de Mendoza? I have
never thought of such a thing." Without more words they
all rushed in upon him, seized him, and put him in chains,
robbing him of all he possessed, which was no small quan-
tity. Not content with his capture the}7 cried out that he
should be killed. Francisco de Mendoza answered that
there was no cause to kill him, and that it would be enough
to turn him out of the country. Felipe Gutierrez, finding
himself thus treated, and seeing the disgraceful conduct of
the people, fearing the)- would kill him, begged Francisco
WAR OF CHUPAS 365
CI I APT FR CI I
Of other things done by Francisco de Mendoza, and how lie sent to
ai rest Nicolas de Heredia and sent Felipe Cutiei rez away.
\FTER Francisco de Mendoza had gained the people
over, and been received as captain, and sworn to as
such, he ordered one Juan Garcia to go with twenty-six
men and turn Felipe Gutierrez out of the province; that,
with six mounted men, he might find his way back to Peru.
Garcia was also to arrest Nicolas cle Heredia, the Camp-
master, and to take away his arms and those of the men
who were with him, fearing lest, Felipe Gutierrez being
absent, he might seek for means to take command by virtue
of the commission he held from Yaca de Castro. Nicolas
de Mendoza to spare his life, and this he promised to do.
From thence Francisco de Mendoza turned back towards
the place where Sotomayor had remained with the camp,
carrying- Felipe de Gutierrez, and four others who were
suspected, as prisoners. These were Diego Alvarez, Juan
Gutierrez, Yalderrama and another. When they were near
the camp, Mendoza left Ruy Sanchez de Hinojosa in charge
of the prisoners, and went to the camp himself at night.
On entering it he gave orders that no person was to go
outside of his house on pain of death, and then Francisco
cle Mendoza managed his affair with such adroitness, that
he got all the people over to his side. In the morning Mass
was said, and when it was finished all took the oath to him
as Lieutenant for the Governor, just as Felipe Gutierrez
had ordered when Diego de Rojas died. He then ordered
Flinojosa to come in with the prisoners, and a close watch
was kept over them.
366
CIVIL WARS OF PERU
clc Heredia had remained behind with some Spaniards
who were sick, and the captains having gone far ahead, he
had not been able to join them; while, the Indians having
made fierce war upon him, he and his companions had
shown much spirit in defending themselves against them.
After taking charge of Felipe Gutierrez and the six who
were to go with him, Juan Garcia started off and marched
until he came to where Nicolas de Heredia was encamped,
whom, suspecting nothing, he arrested. Then, having taken
Felipe Gutierrez and his six companions as far as the
outskirts of the mountain country, he left them. With great
risk to themselves and their horses, and with much diffi-
culty, they reached Cuzco at a time when Vaca de Castro
had already left the city and Gonzalo Pizarro was wishing
to set out for Lima.
Juan Garcia returned to Francisco de Mendoza, taking
Nicolas de Heredia with him and, before they arrived at
the camp, Mendoza ordered Gabriel Hernandez to go and
tell Heredia, from him, that he was there as captain, that
all had sworn to him as such, and that Heredia must do
the same, or else go the same road as Felipe Gutierrez.
Gabriel Hernandez, having arrived at the place where
Heredia was, warned him that it would not do to act
otherwise, and Nicolas de Heredia;took the oath to Fran-
cisco de Mendoza as his captain, as the rest had done. To
make it more binding they divided the Host between them.
Thence they set out in search of food, always hearing
some yelling of the Indians, who were so numerous that
they could not be fairly reckoned.
Francisco de Mendoza next ordered Juan Garcia to go
with thirty Spaniards and explore towards the uplands of
Popayan,1 and he was away for three months, finding several
native settlements, and hearing news of very prosperous
1 This must be an error, probably for Tucuman.
WAR OF CHUPAS 367
1 Prosopis (Sp. var.), yielding- a bean.
■ones farther on. In many of the pueblos they saw they found
no other bread than algarroba? and the natives were bar-
barous and of low type. There were many ewes. Being in
want of horse shoes, they [Juan Garcia's party] returned to
where Francisco de Mendoza remained, who, in view of
their long absence, was about to send and find out what
had become of them. Before this, leaving Nicolas de Here-
dia in charge of the camp, Mendoza had set out to see if
he could find some profitable country, but came upon
nothing good, so he resolved to go and explore in the
direction Felipe Gutierrez had taken; and this he did,
after the return of Juan Garcia and his companions. But,
coming to swamps and morasses, they were unable to pass
them ; so sending some of his party back to the camp with
Pedro Lopez de Ayala, Mendoza with the remainder
ascended a cordillera or chain of hills which traverses those
plains and came to some settlements, and to mam- streams
which rise in the uplands. After exploring for a distance
of eighty leagues and seeing the country was well sup-
plied, where the camp could be maintained, and having
information of other provinces farther on, he went back
in order to return there with the whole of his people.
Coming to a village on the track, they camped near it
for the night, but when the barbarians found out that they
had come there, thinking they would sleep in the houses,
they got fire ready so as to burn them when they should
be inside. In the second watch of the night numbers of
Indians came with a great rush and set fire to the village,
which was burnt. Had the Christians been within doors
they would have been in danger, for the fire was wide-
spread and very sudden. And, though they themselves were
not sleeping in the houses, they had put all their stores
inside them and these were consumed in the fire. Some
36S
CIVIL WARS OF I'LRU
horses and mules were also burnt, and man)' of the servants.
The Christians, with great commotion, got up in astonish-
ment at what was happening, for they had not seen a
single Indian; and thenceforward they continued their
march very cautiously, lest an}- such disaster as this should
occur again.
On reaching the camp Francisco de Mendoza remained
there for several days, waiting for the maize to ripen, as at
that time it was only in leaf. Afterwards he set out from
that place with all his men, intending to proceed in the
direction of sunrise, because the cordillera he had dis-
covered la}- on that bearing. After eight clays' march
Mendoza judged it wise to go forward himself and explore
the route in advance, and selecting sixty Spaniards, he
prepared to do so, leaving Nicolas de Heredia in charge
of the camp with orders to follow after him; where we
will let him be for the present.
How his Majesty the Emperor, our Lord, ordered Blasco Nunez J'e/a
to proceed as Viceroy to the Realms of Peru, to gi7>e effect there
to the >ieiv laws that had been enacted for the government of the
empire of the Indies.
S his Majesty the Emperor Don Carlos our Lord,
most fortunate King of the Spains, and the members
of his very high Council, had considered many times who
should go to Peru as Viceroy to maintain peace in those
provinces and enforce the New Laws, and notwithstanding
that several Spanish gentlemen had been discussed with
that view, his Majesty fixed his eyes on Plasco Nunez
Vela, a native of the city of Avila, of noble descent, and
very zealous for the royal service. 1 Ie had already occupied
CHAPTER CIII
WAR OF CHUPAS ' 369
important posts in Spain; and it was always said that he
had discharged the duties of them with fidelity. He had
been chief Magistrate of Malaga, on the frontier of Navarre
he was Inspector-General, and he once came to this country
as Captain-General of the Fleet to fetch the treasure that was
here. He was tall, of good bearing, and gentle mien, he had
clear, light blue eyes, aquiline features, a broad forehead, a
thick and very imposing beard, was an excellent horseman
in both saddles, and quick of apprehension save that it was
not very sure. He was one of those who always lay them-
selves out to serve their king; very God-fearing, homely,
modest, well bred, an enemy to traitors, the friend of
loyalty, he was always ready to rely upon himself, and
put little faith in his followers, but this I attribute more
to the perversity of men in this country than to his own
'worth. He was a passionate man and quick to anger;
after reaching this country he placed full confidence in no
person, and thus, impulsive as he was in his wrath he
was equally so in killing those who angered him. This
was the person his Majesty summoned before him and
told that it would befit the royal service if he were to go to
Peru and be Viceroy there, and bring those regions under
a just rule, and give effect therein to the New Laws which
had been made for the government of the Realm.
Blasco Nunez Vela, it is said, felt regret that his Majesty
had ordered him to go; but although this was so, he replied
that he would dp all that his Majesty might wish, having
been born with that obligation upon him. After other
things, of which history does not call for treatment here,
Blasco Nunez Vela was appointed Viceroy of Peru, and
President of the Audiencia which was to be established at
Lima. The Ordinances were given to him to enforce, deal-
ing specially with each section by itself. Having received
the despatches and instructions, kissed the hands of his
Majesty, and taken leave of the Lords of the Council,
E B
3/0 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
Blasco Nunez Vela went to the city of Avila, to enjoy a few
days with his wife and children. lie left that city accom-
panied by his brother, Francisco Velasquez Vela Nunez,
Diego Alvarez de Cueto his brother-in-law, and other
gentlemen who were his relations or friends, and set out
with a great quantity of luggage and equipment for Seville.
When it became known in Spain that Blasco Nunez Vela
had been selected to be Viceroy of Peru, there were
murmurs, and it was said no good would come of it, but
that, on the contrary, great evils would arise from his going
there, for that he was not the man to keep peace in that
land. They affirm that the Marquis del Valle, D. Hernando
Cortes, the mirror of governors and captains in the Indies,
said publicly many times that Blasco Niiñez Vela would
not succeed in establishing peace in Peru because the
people who live there are unruly and self-willed, and that
when he himself was conducting the exploration of New
Spain he used to set up crosses along all the roads, whereas
the leaders who had discovered Peru had been always
envious of each other, and there was hidden rancour be-
tween them, and transactions that ended in the battles of
which everybody has heard. The commonalty of Spain
and the people at large rejoiced at the promulgation of the
new laws, and desired that those living in the Indies should
be governed by them. The gentry and men of backbone,
who understand what fortitude is, said that if the residents
in the Indies were to obey the Ordinances on all points
the}' would be for ever reproached as weaklings, and the
sons who might be born to them would live in affliction
through the supineness of their fathers.
When Blasco Nunez Vela arrived [at Seville], he found
there the Judges who had been appointed, and there was
great confidence that the)' would discharge their duties well.
Their names were the Licentiate Cepeda, who was a Judge
in the Canary Isles, Dr. Tcjada, the Licentiate Alvarez,
WAR OF CHUPAS
371
and the Licentiate Zaratena. With these he set out for
the spacious port of San Lucar de Barrameda, and ordered
the ships to be got ready in which he and those who were
going out with him expected to sail—wishing himself
already in the land of the Indies.
CHAPTER CIV
Ho7V the Alcalde Alonso Palomino and Don Antonio de Rivera
arrived at the city of Cuzco, and what happened.
WE have already related, farther back, how the muni-
cipality of Lima ordered the alcalde Alonso Palomino
and Don Antonio Rivera to set out and travel, with all
speed, to the great city of Cuzco, where they would find
Vaca de Castro, and to give him the Ordinances which
the accountant Juan de Caceres had sent from Panama,
that he might decide what course would be best for the
Realm. Palomino and Rivera arrived at Cuzco, causing
disquiet to those who were inclined for peace, urging that
such a calamity as this must not be let pass, for they all
knew with what labour these regions had been explored.
Vaca de Castro, having seen the Ordinances, and, being
a discreet man, in no wise lost patience. On the con-
trary, he summoned the following citizens to meet in the
municipal chamber :
Capt. Garcilaso de la Vega, Juan Julio de Ojeda,
Don Martin de Guzman, Juan Velez de Guevara,
Hernando Bachicao, Diego Maldonado.
When they had assembled he caused the Ordinances to be
read to them in his presence The officers of the munici-
pality then discussed the matter in session, saying that
2/2 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
th.it city was the headpiece of the Realm and the others
should be governed by it. The Emperor, our Lord, being
so Christian a prince, it was not seemly to believe that,
without hearing their objections, he should wish to deprive
them of their property; and that the Ordinances could not
be wholly complied with, notwithstanding that they must
obey them as coming from their natural King. Vaca de
Castro replied with some warmth that the)'should be silent
rather than show such temper, because, since his Majesty
had ordeied that the Ordinances were to come into force,
it had to be done and they must bow to the command, as
that of their natural King and Lord. lie said, further,
that they must wait for the arrival of the Viceroy who, it
might be, would consent to submit their petition before
the royal presence. Meanwhile, the}- would not be dis-
possessed either of their estates or of Indians.
Subsequently, the alcalde Palomino, Don Antonio de
Rivera, Hernando Pachicao, and Cermeño and others, ac-
cording to report, wrote to Gonzalo Pizarro at his estate
where he was staying, acquainting him with the Ordinances
that had arrived, urging him to stand as the defender of
even-one. For, said they, he was the brother of the
Governor who opened up these countries and, in times and
necessities like the present, gentlemen should show their
worth, and the whole Realm would be with him to help
and petition against these laws, and would venture their
persons and estates in that cause. The letters I mention
having been prepared, they were sent with all speed to
where Gonzalo Pizarro was staying; and the messenger
presently returned to Lima. After these things had oc-
curred Vaca de Castro, with the concurrence of the leading
citizens of Cuzco, arranged to send messengers to all the
cities and towns in the Realm. The}' were told to appoint
proctors whom the}' were to send to him to prepare for
despatching representatives to Spain, with all possible
WAR OF CHUPAS 373
speed, to inform his Majesty as to what was fitting in the
interests of his royal service, and to entreat him to sanction
an appeal against some of the Ordinances. When Francisco
de Caravajal, who was Sergeant-Major at the battle of
Chupas, heard that the Viceroy would soon arrive with the
Ordinances, being a man of good understanding and clear
judgment (though he afterwards put his talents to so bad
a use) he spoke to Vaca de Castro, telling him that he
well knew what a loyal friend he [Caravajal] had been to
him, as the Governor had always found him read}- with
his services in all the recent events. He therefore now
asked a favour, which was that he might depart for
Spain, where he would give the King an account of affairs
in Peru, and tell him how poorly the conquistadores had
been requited for the great services the}' had done for his
Majesty. Without this, the promulgation of the Ordin-
ances that were coming would be rendered serious and
difficult. Vaca de Castro and the officers of the munici-
pality, after considering the matter in council, agreed that
Francisco de Caravajal should go on the errand he pro-
posed, and if perchance he should meet Blasco Nunez
Vela who, it was now generally known, was coming as
Viceroy, he was to explain the state of the Realm to him
and counsel him to approach it with sentiments of con-
sideration and forbearance, so as to preclude an)- revival
of sedition.
There was great excitement among the people through-
out the Realm when they heard about the Ordinances.
The Spaniards were deeply chagrined, and declared that
in the subjugation of this country man)- had lost their
lives, and that to come here the}- had parted with their
properties in Spain; while others, too, had grown old in
campaigning in these regions—all without receiving royal
pay or any reward except the Indians they held in en-
comienda, who were now, at their [liege's] death, to be
3/4 CIVIL WARS OF PERU
taken from the widow. In such circumstances what could
be expected but that, forced by necessity, they should do
ugly things and act against [the dictates of] their honour?
And that their children would be left in poverty and their
services meet with no recompense? Besides this they
said that as for taking away from them the Indians whom
they had obtained with so much labour, better were it
that they should kill them all. And not only was this
question about the Ordinances talked over, but false
rumours were spread that all who might be found guilty of
having been concerned in previous disturbances would be
punished with great severity. The commotion among the
people also gave rise to other versions which were all
greedily listened to, and flew with great celerity from one
place to'another nourishing profound discontent and
angry passions. Some showed the wounds they had sus
tained in their campaigns, which made the .womenfolk-
shed many tears, saying that if their husbands were de-
prived of their estates, where could they themselves go to
to maintain their lives with honour, being so far away from
Spain? The agitation was greatest in the city of Cuzco,
because the news was received there with acute displeasure:
insomuch that angry words were bandied about, coming
deep from their breasts, some of them violent and boding
ill for the King's service.
When Vaca de Castro was informed of what was being
said, being anxious to preserve the Realm in peace, tran-
quillity, and contentment, and to stifle the wild utterances
of persons who spoke so freely, he sent for Diego de Silva
and Juan Velez de Guevara {alcaldes) and said to them:
"Go ye through the city, and if ye hear any one speak
openly against the King's service hang such a man at
once, without waiting to make a deposition." When Diego
de Silva and the other alcalde heard the talk that was
going on, and learnt about the gatherings, and that the
WAR OF CHUPAS
375
people were firm in their contentions and making common
cause to resist, and not obey, the Ordinances, they went
relentlessly through the city ordering all to hold their
peace, on pain of death ; and they warned the principal
citizens to have patience, and wait to see what his Majestv
would order, and whether the Viceroy would forward the
petition against the Laws. To this it is said they answered,
that if his Majesty did it to raise money, they and their
city would make him a present of five hundred thousand
ducats. So Francisco de Caravajal departed from Cuzco,
very pleased at quitting Peru at this time, carrying des-
patches from the Governor Vaca de Castro, and from the
people of Cuzco to the municipal authorities of Lima de-
siring them to write to his Majesty.
THE END
INDEX
Abibe mountains, n.
Accomplices and conspirators in the
plot to assassinate the Marquis
Pizarro, the parts they played, and
their ultimate fates, 102-3 an(l
Acosta, Juan de, 55, 73, 290, 312.
Agamenon, father-in-law of l'edro
de Candia, a Greek, 263.
Agiiero, Diego de, 112-13, ^9,234,
236, 277, 279. 282.
■alcalde, meaning of, xlvi; 0, 14,48-9, j
51, 79, 127-S, 135, 152-3, 160, 179, j
193, 341, 361, 371-2, 374.
Aldana, Lorenzo de, xlvi, 4-7, 34, j
55, 140-1, 157, 159, 160, 162, 1S3,
188-9, *9l> 199, -oo, 203, 207, -
237-8, 277, 2S2.
■a/garroba bread, 367 and
algarrobo, the tree(/Voso/>is, sp. 7>ar.),
32S; forests, 334.
algnaiil, meaning of, xlvi: 6, 152-3.
Aliaga, Jeronimo de, 112-13; gover- I
nor's lieutenant at Lima, 185 ; 234,
236.
Aller, Diego de, 309, 361.
Almagro, Don Diego de, the elder,
Adelantaao, xxvii, xxix-xli, 4, 51-3,
79, 80, 82-4, 91, 92 and 71., 96
and n , 97, 124, 127, 131, 135, |
139. Mi, 155. 157, 163. 17*>» i
181, 192, 212: fate of his captains, j
216 and 11.; 25S, 260, 264, 337, !
354-
- the lad, xxxviii-xlii, 52-3, 81-4,
92-5,97, 102-3, 111-14; his parent- ;
age and boyhood, 114-15 n. ; is ac- ;
knowledged governor at Lima, 115 : j
116-19, I23-5> I27"9> I3L 133-5» i
142, 144-5, 147-51» 153. L55-9»
163-7, 169-72, 174, 178-82. 184-5,
1S8, 190, 192, 194, 206-n, 211; his
address to the army, 212-13 ; 214-15,
217, 220-31, 235-45, 250-00, 262-3; ,
addresses his army again, 264-5;
266, 268-73, 275-9. 281-2, 292-7: •
his execution, 298-9; his history,
character, and carter, 299-303
Almagro faction or party, known
as the "men of Chile'' or "Chile
party," xxvii, xxxv, S1-6, 91-5,98-9,
101-2, 104, 106-S, 111 -13> 115- 118.
121-2. 124-5. 12S-35, 141. 144. L53»
!55- !57» L59» I02- 166-7, i/O-'i
173-5, !7S, 1S2, 194, 201. 216,
219, 230-1, 244, 255, 260-1, 263,
268, 270-1, 275, 278, 2S0-I ; rout
and break-up ot, 282; names of its
members executed after Chupas,
2S6; 2SS, 337.
Almagro, Jeronimo de, 102, 106,
281, 2S3. "
Almendras, Diego de, 154.
- Francisco de, 152-3.
- Martin de, 132-3.
Alvarado, Alonso de, xxix, xxxiii,
xxxv, 53-4, 117; declare-, for the
king and is acknowledged as Chief
Justice and Captain-general, 121 ;
'122-5, L35» 144, I5I- 155-0. itii.
165-6, 170, 172, 176-7, 179, 1S2,
180-9. I91' 196-S, 201-3, 2°7- 21'»
235-6, 237-8, 254-5, 257, 262, 269,
272. 277. 279-81, 309-10, 361.
- Diego de, xxxvi, 80-1 : executor
of the elder Alniagro's will, 213.
- Gomez de. See Gomez de
Alvarado.
-}• Sosa, Garcia de. 103-4, 113.
117-19. 123, 125. 144, 149, 155-6,
15S, 16S-Q, 172; becomes general,
173 ; 180-I, 209, 211, 214-18; basely
kills Sotelo, 219; 220-2 ; appointed
deputy governor, 223 ; his arrogance
and duplicity. 224, 225-9; killed by
Almagro the lad,*' 230-1 : 23S,
261-2'.
Alvarez, Antonio, 153, 1S1-2.
- Diego, 315, 365.
Alvarez Holguin, Pero, 84. 127,
129-37, 150-3: accepted at Cuzco
as general, 154; 156-7, 163; ac-
cepted nt Guamanga, 165; at
Parcos, 105: 166-7, !70-9 1S6-9,
191-2, 194, 197, 190, 200: Yaca de
Castro relegates him as camp-
master, 201 ; 202-4; delivers the
r<>\al standard to Vaca de Castro,
205; 206-7, 200-n, 232-8. 243,
252. 254, 269. 272, 276; killed in
the battle, 27S: his burial at Gua-
manga, 2S4
Ampudia, Juan de. 5-6. 34, 39-42:
killed by Indians. 43; 48.
niiaioiiii, yana-cuna, 120 anil //.
Añasco, Pedro de, 4, 34-6 ; wounded,
37: killed and eaten, 3S; 41, 4S,
55-
Andagoya. Juan de, 89. 90, 138.
- Don Pascual de, Adelantado, S,
44-6, 4S-9, 55, 77-S, 89 and /;., 90,
138-9 and ; his narrative, 140 u.
Andahuaylas, 244, 293.
Antioquia, 184.
Anzerma, province and city. 5, 11,
12. 14. 17, iS, 45, 4S, 55, 77-9,
157.
Anzures de Camporredondo, Pedro,
xxvii, xxxiv. 1, 4, 84, 131, 134, 136,
151-3 ; his troop of horsemen, 153-4:
156, 163, iSS, 203, 207, 234, 236,
255-6, 271-2, 276, 2S0-1, 288, 297,
299. 305- 309-
Apia valley, 14.
Apirima, 35, 3S-9.
Apurimac, river and bridge, 243,
3°5-
Arauco, river. 315, 317.
Arbi, region, 19.
Arbolancha, Bartolome de, 102 and
; kills Chaves, 107 and ; is
executed, 2S6.
Arequipa, x.xviii, 1-3, 50, 52-3; ac-
knowledges Don Diego as governor,
!3o; 137. 154, 176,208-9, 214, 216,
239» 302.
Arma, region, 21, 28, 33-4, 46.
Arrow poison, 331-4.
Assassination of the Marquis Pizarro,
xlii, chap, xxxi and passim.
Assassins and accessories, xii. xlii:
names and fates of the, 102 and //.
Atrato, river, 16 //.
Audiencia, Royal, 338, 341-5_1, 354-S-
- of Guatemala and .Nicaragua,
345-
— of Mexico, 345.
-of Panama, xiii, xlii, So-i, S9, 90,
138. 246, 2S7, 298.
- of Peru, 345; names of judges
appointed to, 370-1.
Ayala. Sec Lopez de Ayala, Pedro.
Ayunga, valley, 36.
Bachicao, Hernando, 12S, 136,
371-2.
Badajoz, Juan Alonso de, 16S.
Baeza, valley of. 7.
- J nan de.' S3.
Balsa, Juan, xxxix; serving with
the Almagro party, 52, 118. 208,
210-lS; his equivocal position at
Sotelo's death, 219; nominated
Don Diego's Captain-general, 222:
223-6. 228. 230, 240-1. 245. 257,
262. 275.
Baltanas, 208, 214.
i>ai bacons, 16. 21.
Barbaran, Juan de, m and w.,
283 ;/.
Barragan. Sec Rodriguez Parragan,
J nan.
Barrientos, Cristobal de. standard
bearer at Chupas, 183, 277, 2S3 n.
Barrionucvo, Francisco de, Gover-
nor of Lima, in, 185, 234.
Barroso, Pedro, 119, 120, 14.1.
Belalcazar, Sebastian de, Adelan-
tado, 5, 8. 45-6. 49, 54-5. 77-9- s9-
90, 137-Sand;/., 139 and 11.. 140-1,
157-9. 161. 182-4, 188-91, 339; his
death, 23
Beltran, Dr., Si. 116.
Bernal, Luis, 11, 12. 40.
Bilbao, Martin dc, 102, 108 (printed
in error as M. de Pillar), 244, 262,
275, 2S0, 2S2.
Bishop of Chiapa. See Las Casas.
-of Lima. See Valverde.
-of Plasencia, 136-7
-of Quito. Sec Diaz de Arias.
Blazquez, Dr. Juan, 53, 9S, 101,
103, 105-7, in; is killed by natives
at Puna, 124-5.
Bogota province, 34-5. 3S, 77.
Bombon, 172-3, 1S8, 204, 305.
Book of Foundations. See Libro de
fundaciones.
Bracamoros province, 162. 192-3,
2SS.
Buenaventura, port of, 44, 77, S7,
89, 90and n., 91, 1 iS. 137-S, 139 11.,
140, 157, 159, 164.
Burgos, Cristobal de, of Lima, 277,
2S1.
Bustamente. Pedro de, 74-5.
Cabildo, definition of, xlv.
Cabrera, Alonso de, the Marquis'
chamberlain, S3. 116,11S-19, 125-6,
I5S. „
-Juan, 1S4.
- Pedro Luis de, S2, S5.
Caceres, Juan de, accountant, 82,
ii9' 309, 330-1, 361, 371.
Cali, city of, xxviii, 4-6, 34, 45, 47-9,
INDEX
379
55» 75» 77-S, 87, 90«.. I37-40,
157-9, 191.
Camargo, Alonso' de, the navigator,
137 154.
Camarilla, Alonso Garcia, 172, 259;
his capture, 260; his execution,
261 and //.: 262.
Camporredondo. Sec Anzures de.
and Rodriguez de.
Campo, Rodrigo de, carries the royal
standard, 305, 355-
Candia, Pedro de. a Greek artillery
expert, xxvii, xxxvi, 209-10, 240,
263, 276: his loyalty questioned,
278-9; is killed during the battle,
279-S0.
Canela, the Canela country or " land
of cinnamon," xxvii, 2, 55 ; < ionzalo Pizarro's expedition through, chap- ters xix, xx, xxi, xxii, lxxxi: 162, 289, 291, 307, 311. 313. Canelo, the (Cane/la alba), 59. Cannibal practices observed, S, 20, 22-3 and //., 25-6, 28, 35-6. Capayan, village, 319, 325. Carangue, near Huito, 160, 182. Caravajal (Carbajal), Diego de, 51. -- Francisco de, aicalde, 127-9; • sergeant-major, 181 and ; 269, 272; Camp-master, 276; 277, 2S0, 373- 375- — |uan de, a regidor of Plata, 152, 154'. -licentiate, 99. ------ See Suarez de. Caravaya, river, 308-9. Cardenas, a captain, 168; executed, 2S6. Cardona. one of Pizarro's pages, 106, 10S and 110. Carrapa, region, 19-22, 24, 27, 34, 46. Carrillo, Martin, 103, 115; acts as Camp-master, 208 and n.; orders a prisoner to be stabbed to prevent his rescue, 208: 214.217, 221,229, 23S-9, 283; is captured when a fugitive in hiding, 285; and exe- cuted. 286. Cartagena (de Indias), 5, 6, 10-12, 23 48, 339- 36°- Cartago. city founded, 46-7548-9, 77-9, 15S, 141, 157, 339. Castilla, Don Baltasar de, 113, 2S3. Castro, Captain (Pedro), 150-1, 133-5- 202, 269, 271-2, 277, 280. 207. -See Yaca de Castro. Cauca valley, xxvi, xxviii. Caxamarca, 155, 16;, 171, 176. Centeno, Diego, 153-4. 283. Cesar, Francisco de, 304 and n. Chachapoy as, 53i 54117- 120-2, 161, 170, 310. Chaco. el Gran, xxvii, 323 11., 334 //., 356 ". Charcas. 52-3, 181, 1S6, 243, 310, 3*3, 362. Charles V, the Emperor Don Carlos, xxxvii, xliii; his humane policy to- wards the Indians of America, xlii- »»■ 3J8, 34S-59: 360, 36S- Chaves, Francisco de (the good one), 50 and //., 52, 83, 93, 103. 105-6: receives a mortal wound while de- fending the Marquis, 107. - (the bad one), 50/;.. 115. 117, 144-50; is executed, 150: 216, 231- Chiapa. Bishop of. See Las Casas. Chile, passim. -■ party, or men of. See Almagro faction. Chiquana valley, 31O and 318, 321, 325-6. Choco. el, 15. Chunchos, the. 84, 127, 130, 135, 151, 171, 194, 204, 305. Chupas, xxvij-viii, xli-xlii. 113-14, 117 it., 154", 168: account of the battle of, chaps, lxxvii-viii; site of. xl, 274-5 //.: 17S-9 >!.. 216. 241,
265, 207, 270-1 ; topography of, by
C. R. M., 274-5 " (,ale of hattle.
282; list of captains present at.
282-3-4 and //.: 292-3. 314. 330.
373-
Chuquiapu (La Paz), 2, 129, 133.
Chuquito, 132-3, 135.
Cieza de Leon, Pedro de, his writ-
ings, xxv-xxviii, xxxi-xxxiii, xxxix-
xlvii; 52 ; denounces cruel treat-
ment of the Indians, xliv, 164-5,
339: bewails his pen-weariness.
3M-I5-
'• Linnamon forest. See Canela.
Clerics, friars, priests, and rc!i\iosos,
various, 22, 55. 67, 97-8. IOI, 122.
1 27 ; succour the wounded and con-
fess the dying, 2S3, 357, 359.
j Cobos, Don Francisco de los, Co'iien-
dador mayor, Charles Y's secretary,
xxxvii. 116.
coca monopoly. 2%.
Coca liver, 02 : village. 291. .
Collao, the, xxviii, I, 50, 127. 132,
302.
Concho tract, 327.
Conchucos Indians, nS.
conquistadores, the original Spanish
;So
INDEX
invaders of America, 20. 226, 236.
293, 306. 352 354, 373.
Contents, chapter headings, vii-xxi;
maps and plates, xxiii.
Coronado, Francisco, 103: executed,
285.
Corregidorts, 347-8.
Cortes, Hernando, 370.
Cotabamba. 156.
Cote. Martin, 168. 228, 262, 275:
executed, 286.
Council of the Indies, Royal, 100,
33S, 341-6, 348. 355-6. 360.
Cross-bows in warfare, 16, 17, 25, 29,
39- 40, /3:5» 210.
aiadra. of Lima, 104 n.
Curahuasi rest house, 243.
Cuzco. city of, xxviii, xxx-xxxvi,
xxxviii, xlii, 1-3, 52-3, 62, 84, 116-
17, 124, 126-31, 133-7, 144- 150-I.
154, 156-7, 161, 163-7, 170, 173-4,
179-82, 186, 194, 200, 203-4, 209,
211, 213-15, 222-3, 236-41, 248,
250,257, 259,270, 2S0, 282, 286-9.
292-5, 297, 299, 307, 309-11 : me-
morial stone at, 312; 317, 323,
361-2, 366, 371-2, 374-5.
Diaz de Arias, Garci, the favourite,
afterwards Bishop of Quito, 3, 4,
93. 96 11., 105-7, in, 116.
- de /\rmendariz, Hernando,
licentiate, 360.
- de Pineda, Gonzalo, 6, 7. 55,
69, 73-5-
Don Diego. .See Almagro, Don
Diego de, the lad.
Diente, Juan, a scout, native of Gib-
raltar, 103, 116, 117 and 126-7,
259-60, 261 and ; executed,
286.
Diez, Garci. See Diaz de Arias.
dogs, employed as fighting units, 25,
39, 61, 291.
hi Dorado, valley, 55.
Gallo, island, 85-6.
- Mozo, 92 n.
Encomendero, definition of, xlvi;
35°
lincoiiiieiidn. xxix, definition of, xlvi;
20. 50, 233, 244, 288, 293, 306,
340, 35°- 354, 373-
Enriquez, Don Alonso, 80.
Ebpañola, island of, extinction of
the natives, 339; New Laws for,
358; sent to, 360.
Executions, xlii, xliii; list of, after the
battle of Chupas, 286.
Fronteia. La, city of (in Chacha-
poyas), 54, 117. 120-4, 161.
- (at Guamanga), designation
changed to La Vitoria, 2SS.
Fuentes, Pedro de, ensign, 187.
Fundaeioues. See Libro de.
Funes, Cristobal de, 57, 73.
Gallego, Francisco, a turncoat, 261.
Garcia, Alonso. Sec Camarilla.
- de Alvarado. .See Alvarado,
Garcia dc.
-. Juan, a turncoat, 218-19, 261,
365-7-
Garma, village in Auzerma, 12, 14.
Gavilan, Diego, a conquistador, 112-
13, 236.
Godoy, Francisco de, 112. 235-8,
277,282.
gold, deposits or mines of, 21, 22, 35,
308-9.
■- and golden ornaments, 14. 19,
29, 31-2, 47, 55, 116, 125, 142-3.
Gomez de Alvarado, xxxviii, 51-4,
149, 166, 109, 201. 235 and >/.,
236, 276; dies at Vilcas, 284; is
buried at Guamanga. 284.
-■ the younger. iy6 and 197-8.
Gomez, Baltasar, 102; executed,
2S6.
- Hernandez, 13. 15, 16.
- Pero, secretary, 111 and
(error lor Pero Lopez).
-de Luna, 1056: wounded, no.
Gomez de Tordoya, 106, 108«.,
128-31, 133; appointed Canip-
niastei, 134; 135, 152, 154, 160,
174, 186-7; family relationships of,
1$J//.; 188, 192, 194, 199, 203,
233, 243, 252; latally wounded in
the battle, 278; 282; his death and
burial, 284 and //.
Gonzalez de Benavides, Gil, 351,
353 "•
Goigona, La, island, S5.
Gran Chaco, el, xxvii, 323 n., 334 ?;.
Greciano, Juan, n, 12.
Guamanga, city or town of (called
Ayacucho since 1824), 50, 51,
117;/., 126, 144. 151, 164-5, '74,
207-8, 214, 230 and 237, 239-
41, 244, 247, 255-6, 260,262, 265-6,
270-1, 273, 285-7; called "of the
Victory." 288: 289, 293.
Guancas, natives of Jauja province,
167, 170-1, 236, 254.
Guanuco, province and town. 51-2,
120-1, 144.
Guaraz, 50, 176-7, 1S6, iSS. 192,
J95' '97> !99- 200' 202-4- 2io-n,
232. 236. 243.
Guayaquil, 55, 162.
Guaylas, 50, 11S, 177, 179, 197-8,
245
Guaytara. 148: route by, 266-7,
271.
Guevara, Diego \ asco de, 126-7,
165, 171, 191. 2S3.
--Juan Perez de. See Perez.
-Juan Yelez de. S.e Yelez.
Gutierrez, Felipe, Captain, xliii. 181,
221. 2S3, appointed to lend an ex-
pedition, 305; 315-1S, 323-7, 331,
333-6. 363: arrested by his sub-
ordinate, 364; 365-7.
-• Juan, 365.
— de los Rios, Diego. So.
- Malaver, Juan, 214, 227-S, 293.
Guzman, Juan de. 53, 102, 229.
230; executed, 286.
- .Martin de, 283. 313, 371.
Henao. a tell-tale priest, 97-99.
Heredia. Nicolas de. Camp-master,
3°5" 315-17, 323- 327. 365= ai"
rested, 366; 367-8.
Herencn. Francisco de, 97, 287.
Hernandez, Gonzalo, assessor, 246.
254-
--Martin, shipmaster, S7.
-de la Torre. (Jonzalo. 105. 110.
Herrada (or Rada), Juan de. a self-
made leader, xxxix-xli, 50//., 52-
3. 81-2. 92 and //.. 93-5, 97, 99.
101-3, 107. in. 113-15. 117-18,
123-0. 142-4. 146. 148-50, 155:
discontent at his assumption <>l the
generalship, 166; is nevertheless |
acknowledged. 168: falls ill, 169: 1
172, 174; his death at Jauja. 175; \
his character, 175//.: 180,216.231,
241.
Hinojosa, Pedro de, 152-3. 282. 1
Hoces, Diego de, 102, 168, 227-8, I
262, 280; executed. 286.
Holguin. See Alvarez Flolguin, Pero. I
Huallaga river, xxvii.
Huarina, 314, 315.
-The War of (lost book by Cieza
de Leon), xxv.
Hurtado. a servant, 105-6; wounded, j
110 and ; ariested, 116; 142-3;
becomes ensign-general, 315.
Idiaquez, Lope de, 239, 245-7, 250,
254- 257-9- 26i-2, 266, 208.
111a Tupac, an Inca chieftain, is
captured by Juan de Vargas, 293.
Inca. 322-3.
)EX 3Sl
; Inca, Atahualpa, xxix.
-Hnayna Ccapac, xxxviii //., 266.
309. 322-3.
■-■ Manco, xxix-xxx, xxxvii, 1, 2,
24O. 242. 2^0, 259, 266, 2S7, 292-
I 3- 297-
- Paula, 211, 282;/.
-princess, Pizarro's daughter by,
xxxviii
-Tupac. 322.
- Yupanqui. 266, 322-3.
Indian Chiefs, viz.. Ancora, 20:
Chanvericua, 20: Chaparra. 125;
102: ChuscurucM, 20; Delicola,
62, 64-5: Gua
31: commits suicide, 52; Ocuzca,
13-15: Picara, 20; Pi inarm. 27;
Samanies, 118: Tacurumbi, 47;
Umbruza, 13.
Indians, frozen to death, 5S : shocked
at the murder of Pizarro. 114, 128;
habitual oppression of, by Spa-
niards, 164, 178: addicted to lying.
176; girls a prey to soldiers, 283;
slaughter and rob the wounded,
284; possess Spanish fowb, 310-
17 ; of Tucuma. description of. 321 ;
their attitude towards first Spa-
niards they saw. 319-20: atrocities
committed on, by ChiLiians, 338-
9; enslavement of, prohibited by
New Laws, 349; the Kmperor's
humane policy towards, 338, 34S-
55: restrictions on carrying loads,
and on pearl (living, 350; rapid
extinction of, 339.
Inscription on Pizarro's tomb at Lima.
112.
Introduction, xxv-xlvi.
Islands. Cuba. 358; Espaiioln, 339.
358,300; del Gallo, S5-6: La Gor-
guna, 85; Mai Pelo, 85: of Palms,
45. 87-8,90: Puna, 124: San |uan,
35«.
Jaramillo, Juan, 351, 353«.
Jauja. xxxviii: original seat of Pizarro's
government, 104 ; 167, 169-74;
death of I lerracla at, 175; 176. 195,
204, 209, 211. 233-4, 236-42;
river, 305.
Judges of the first Audiencia at Lima.
names of, 370- f.
Jtiez tie reside/icia, definition of, xlvi,
92«.. 131, 155, 347.
Juries, Indians' territory, 152,
La Gama, Antonio de, licentiate,
127, 129, 131, 245-b, 254, 286,
2S9.
1XDEX
Lambra Luopica. 271.
Lambras Huayccu, 274 and //.:
map: 2S2 u.
Las Casas. Fr. Bartolome cle, Bishop
of Chiapa, 33S.
Laso de la Ve?a, Garcia! Garcilaso),
, xlvi, 56 11.. 59 76 //.. 95
152-4. 1S7: family relationship to
Gomez de Tordoya,- 1S7 //.; iSS, >
194, 199, 203, 207, 235, 236, 23S,
269, 272. 276. 2S0, 2S7-S, 293.
371.
Las Salinas, battle of. .xxvii. xxxvi,
70, 115;/.. 126-7, '35> 163, '93. I
210, 212, 314.
Laws. See New Laws or Ordinances.
Lemos, Countess of, a relative of
Vaca de Castro, 202 and //. |
Leon, city of, in Guanuco, S6, 293.
Cieza cle. See Cieza.
-Garcia de. licentiate, 125, 15S,
232-3. 277, 2S6.
Lepe, Juan de. a fool, 91.
Letters, I). Diego de Almagro to
Yaca de ("astro, 245-50; D. Diego's
captains to the same, 251-3; sig-
natories to the latter. 253; sub-
stance of Yaca de Castro's lo I).
Diego, and to D. Diego's captains,
25s:
Leyva, Antonio de, 362.
I.ibro de /iindacioties, a lost work by
Cieza de Leon, 7. 21, 30. 30S.
-primer0 de cabildos ae Lima,
xii.
Lima, city of, xxviii-xxx, xxxii-iii,
xxxv, xxxviii-xli, 4. 49-52, S2, 84,
91, 103: Plan of, 104//. and Plate;
foundation of, 104 11. and xl-i; ori-
ginal city allotments in. 104 //. and !
Plate; 114. 116-iS, 120, 122-4, 130-
2. 135- L37- 140-1.144-5- !5L '55 S.
161. 165, 167-8, 171, 1S0.1S6,192,
194-5, 197. 233-8, 243. 255, 257,
267, 271. 2S6. 28S-9, 307, 310, 330,
337, 361-2, 366, 371-2. 375.
— first Audiencia of,*370-i.
Limatambo. 294.
Lizcaino, a loyal servant of Sotelo,
219.
Luaysa, Alonso de, 153-4.
-Antonio de, 279.
---Cardinal, So. 116, 213 and //.,
264.
Lopez de Ayala, Pedro, 7S, 315,
3lS.
- Becerra, Diego. 261 (an error
in the Spanish text for D. Perez
liecerra).
- de Caceres, Pedro, secretary,
105. Hi (wrongly quoted as Pero
Gomez) and u., 237. 254, 25S, 26S,
283.313-
Lopez Carillo. Iñigo. 120. 122-3,
155-6-
-de Cazalla, Pedro, 106.
del Intierno, Pero, 35.
---Zuñiga. Diego de, 152. 154.
Los Reyes, xxviii, xlvii, 49.
Losa, Enrique, 102: executed. 2S6.
Lozano. the Marquis' major-domo,
105-6.
Lugo. Alonso de. xxxv.
Luna, Don Alvaro de. Constable of
Castille, 147.
Lunahuana. 214, 256.
Machines, incident, 214-15.
Maestro Roa. 351 and //.
Malaver. See Gutierrez Malaver.
Maldonado, Diego, 128, 157, 161,
1S3, 200, 203, 244. 247, 277. 282,
336- 371-
- 1-rancisco. 351, 353
Manco. See under Inca.
Manjarres, Alonso de, 105. 154.
maiizanai (blocks of buildings in
Lima), 104 //. and Plan.
Marañon river (upper Amazons).
xxvii. 61 64 67, 316.
Marchena, 103, 152.
Mar dulcc (Marañon or upper Ama-
zons river). 61 //., 64. 67.
Marquez, a priest. 243-4.
Marquis, the. See Pizarro, Don
Francisco.
Maitin de Alcantara, P., half
brother of the Marquis Pizarro, 82,
84, 9S, 105-7 ; assassination of. 109-
IO; 112: his widow, 150, 185.
Martin, Gonzalo, 162.
--Lope, 256. 276, 2S3.
— Roque (a Portuguese), killed and
eaten, S, 9; his savagery, 339.
Martincote. S
his children, 1S5; 190, 192, 194,
200, 204-5, 212. 216, 226, 230-1,
234, 241, 264, 267, 2S2-3, 2S5,
292. 299. 307. 311, 337, 354.
Pizarro, Gonzalo. xxvii, xxix, xxxii,
1-3; appointed Governor of Quito,
^4: leads an expedition in search of
III Dorado, 55-77 ; sufferings of his
party in the Canela country, chaps.
xxi, xxii, lxxxi; 162, 2S9-92. 306-7,
310-13. 330, 339, 366. 372.
--Hernando, xxvii, xxxii-viii and
259, 297.
Juan, xxxii.
Plasencia, Bishop of, his expedition
under Camargo. 136-7 and //.
Plata, town of, 1, 4. 84, 132-4, 136.
151-2. 163, 179. 1S1. 18S, 209,
314, 316.
- Rio de la, river and region, 151,
304 and //., 305, 315-16, 328.
Plaza (inaior) at Lima, xii, 103-4//.
and PI.; 106, III.
Pomacocha, 265.
Popajan. city of. xxviii. 5, 6. S
34-5- 3S-9.'4is 45- 54 "-, 75- 7S,
138-41. 157-60, 339. 360.
Poico, silver mines at. 151. 153, 1S2,
209.
Potosi, 26S.
Pozo, province. 19-21. 24-8. 34.
Pozos Indians, 22, 26.
Presa, Don.ingo de la, 53, 82.
Prescott, Mr., xxvi. xxxi and //..
xxxviii. xlii, xliii, 95 11.. 96 //.,
175 //., 274 ;/., 301 //.
Puelles, Pedro de, 55-6, 160,
293-
Puertocarrero, Pedio, 84. 126-30,
133. 165. 207. 26S; 282.
Puerto Viejo, 55, 162.
Quijos, Indians and their province,
55> 57-
Quinbaya province, 34, 46.
Quito, bishop-elect 01. i>ce Diaz de
Arias.
Quito,cityof, xxviii, 2, 6. 7, 34, 54-6,
58, 64-5. 75- '25- 138. 140. 156.
158-62, 164, 179, 1S2-4, 186, 190-2,
INDEX
3§5
205, 26S, 290-1, 307, 309, 311,
3*4-
- War of (book), xxv-vi.
Rada, 175 n. See Herrada.
regidor. definition of, xlvi; 152, 193,
330-1-
repartimiento, xxxix; definition of,
xlvi: 6, 20, 49-51, 7S, 9L 265,
273, 295, 306, 335, 351, 353-4.
res/de/ia'a. 10, 92 and 116, 131,
343-4, 34S. See also Jitez de resid-
encia.
Riquelme, Alonso de, 102, 104 >i.,
in, 115, 234, 330.
Rios, Pedro de los, 130. 133, 2S2.
Rivera (or Ribera), Antonio de,
55, S7-S, 63, 73, 76, 112, 361,
371-2.
- Hernando de, 132.
-Nicolas de (el mozo), 104 n. ;
(el viejo), 104 277.
Robledo, Jorge, Captain, leads an
expedition to Auzerma, 5-6, S-10,
12-14, 17. 20; is wounded, 23;
hanged and eaten, 23 : 27-8, 45-6,
49, 55, 7S-9, 139, I5*>-
Rubles, Dr. Francisco, a judge of
Andiencia at Panama, So-i.
-- Martin de, 133; appointed en-
sign-general, 134.
Rodriguez Barragan, Juan, 102,
109 /;., 217, 240-1, 262, 2S2 ; is
hanged, 286.
- de Camporredondo, Caspar
(brother of Pedro Anzures), 153,
170, 296-7, 307. ,
--de Sosa, llernan, Comcndador,
5, iS, 22, 24-5; killed and eaten,
26; 31,33.
Rojas, Diego de, Captain, xxvii, xliii,
154, 207,' 234, 236-7, 239, 255-b,
269, 272, 2S0, 285-6; is sub-leader
of an expedition towards the Rio
de la Plata, 305, 315-17; reaches
Tucuman, 318-19 ; 320-1, 323. 325-
7, 331; is wounded, 332; dies by
arrow poison. 333; his character,
333' 334-6, 365.
-Gabriel de, xliii, 116, 126-8,131,
134-5, 150, 214, 297, 310.
Ruiz, Domingo, a tell-tale priest,
101.
Salazar, Rodrigo (surname omitted
in error in eighth line), 293.
Salcedo, Garcia de, 105-6.
Salinas, las, battle of, xxvii, xxxvi,
xliii, 79, 126-7, 135, l63-
Salinas, las, The War of (book by
Cieza de Leon), xxv, xxvii, 34.
San Juan, city of, earlier called
Santa Ana. 45-6, 49, 7S.
-river, 7, 44-5, 85, 94.
-de la Vitoria, 4 and
San Martin, Fr. Tomas de, 16S-9,
iS5jfi97-200.
San Miguel, 55, 119-20, 125, 144,
155, 162, 1S4, 234, 236.
San Millan, Pedro de, 102, 226 and
227-8, 262; executed, 2S5.
Sanchez, Francisco, Sergeant-major,
129, 136, 154.
-Juan, executed, 2S6.
-de Hinojosa, Ruy, 365.
Santa valley, and ruins, 195.
Santa Ana de los Caballeros, city
of, 6, 12, 15; renamed "San
Juan," 45-6, 49- 7S.
Santa Marta, river and city, 5, S,
iS, 21, 77.
Santo Domingo, monastery of, at
Cuzco, 1S1; at Lima, ill, 124,
1S5.
Sardinas, Ancon de (a bay), S5-6,
90.
Sarmiento. Hernando, 182, 184.
- Pedro, a notary. 23.
Saucedo, 53, 215, 275, 27S, 2S0.
Sayavedra, Juan de, 52, 83, 113,
166, 169, 236.
Serra de Sequidano, Mancio, xlvi.
Silva, Diego de, 127, 129, 374.
Slings in warfare, 21, 40, 42.
Soconcho river, 334-6, 363; village,
336
solares, or city allotments, at Lima,
xli; original grantees of, 104«.
and PI.
Sorio, Jeronimo de, 130, 136.
Sosa. See Rodriguez de.
Sotelo, Cristobal de, an honourable
Almagrist officer, xli, xlii, 52, S3,
92-3, 97, 114-15, 117-18. I23, 144-
7, 167-9. 171; his prudence and
popularity, 172-3; 1S0-1, 20S-9,
211, 214-1S; is treacherously slain,
219; 220-22. 224, 226, 230-I, 23S,
241.
Sotomayor, 337, 363, 365.
Suarez, Ana, marries Picado the
night before he is beheaded, 143.
-Sergeant-major, 168, 245, 276,
27S.
-de Caravajal, Benito, licentiate,
53. 113, 234, 236, 280.
--Illan, the factor, brother of
Benito, 53, 113, 168-9, 234-5,
33°-
C C
»
3S6
INDEX
Suer de Nava, Melchor, 5, 13, iS,
22-3, 2S, 46-S.
Suicide, of an Indian captive girl, 16;
of an Indian captive Chief, 32; of
a number of Indians, 39.
Surbano, Jeronimo (1 )on Diego's en-
voy to Spain), 250.
Tacurumbi. See Indian Chiefs.
Tambo, an ancient Inca fortress,
176.
-Blanco, 118.
Tambos (wayside rest houses), 309.
Tapia, 349 and //.
Tello, Juan, 168, 283; executed, 2S6.
Tesuna province, 334.
tiangiiez, native market, 242.
Tierra Firme, 7, 44, 77, 79, 13S,
2S9, 298, 309, 331, 339.
Timana, S, 34-5, 3/-S.
Tomebamba, an Inca lodgment,
1S3-4.
Tordoya. See Gomez de Tordoya.
Toro, Alonso de, 165-6.
Tovar. See Garcia de Tovar.
Truxillo (Trujillo), 3, 58, 11S, 119,
122-3, I25. 127, 144, 155, 'S7,
192-6, 310.
Tucuma (Tucuman), 31S and n.,
319, 32i-3> 325, 334, 366 n.
Umbra hill, 12.
Umbruza. See Indian Chiefs.
Uraba, 11.
Uriaparia river, 316.
Vaca de Castro, Don Cristobal, Pre-
sident of the Audiencia of Panama,
and Governor of Peru, xxvii, xxxii
and xl, xlii, 79, 80; arrives in
America at Nombre de Dios, Si:
and proceeds to Panama, Si ; leaves
for Peru, 81-2 ; S3-90, 96, 119, 121-
4, 130-1, 137 and 71., 13S-41, 144,
156-9; is accepted as Governor-
general at Quito, 160; 161-7, 170,
174, 176-9, 182-206; acclaimed as
Governor and Captain-general, 207 ;
210-11, 213, 223, 226, 231-42,
244-5, 25!> 254-9> 262, 266-9, 27*-
3, 276; did not fight in person,
277, 279, 281-3, 2S5-9, 292-4; his
avarice and vain glory, 295-6 ; 297-
9, 304-i3> ji5, 330-I, 333, 361,
305-6' 371-5-
Vadillo, Juan de, licentiate, 6, 10«.,
11- 339-
Valdivieso, Juan de, 157, 1S3.
Valverde, Fr. Vicente de, Bishop of
Lima, 4, 50, S2. 124; killed at
Puna by Indians, 125.
Vanegas, Ruy, 6, S, 10, 12, 14, 17,
iS, 49.
Vargas, Diego de, page to the Mar-
quis, 106, 108 and n.; death of,
IIO.
-Juan de, 293.
Vasquez, Martin, 351, 353 n.
-Tomas, 129, 136.
-de Coronado, Francisco, 351,
352 >'.
- de Tapia, Bernardino, 351,
353 "•
Vega, Garcilaso de la. See Laso de
la Vega.
Velasco, Pedro cle, 22-3.
Velez de Guevara, Juan, bachelor,
12S-9, 236, 277, 2S0, 286, 307,
330-1, 361, 371, 374.
Vcrd ugo, Melchor, 155-6-
Vergara,Francisco de, 105; wounded,
no.
-Pedro de, 162-3, lS2, 1S5, iSS,
192-3, 196, 277, 2S0, 2S8.
Viceroy of Peru, the first, 192, 362,
36S, 372-3, 375. See also Nunez
Vela.
Vilcas, 245, 250, 253, 255-6, 259-
60, 262, 266, 26S, 293-4.
Villacastin, Prancisco de, 130-1.
Villalba, 158, 312-13.
Villalobos, Dr., 5, 80-1.
Villanueva, Luis'de, 1S1-2.
Villaviciosa de Pasto, 7, 160.
Villegas, 73, 125.
-Jeronimo de, 291.
Vinaque, 256.
Viticos, principal residence of the
Inca Manco, 2, 240, 2S7, 297.
Xaquixaguana, 240-1.
Yalcones Indians, 35-6, 39, 41.
yuca (Jatropha manihot), an edible
root, 64, 69-73.
Yucay river, 3; valley, 2, 3, 293,
359-
Yupanqui. See Inca.
Zamarilla. Sec Camarilla.
Zumaque valley, 5S-9. 62-3.
Zuñiga, Lopez de, Diego See Lopez
de Zuiiiga.
